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OHASE AND STUAKT'S CLASSICAL SERIES. 

SELECTIONS 

FROM THE 

SATIRES OF JUVENAL. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED THE 

FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 

BY 

THOMAS CHASE, 

LL.D. OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 
PRESIDENT OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. 

Revised Edition. 



* 




Philadelphia : 

Eldredge & Brother, 

No. 17 North Seventh Street. 



Chase & Stuarts Classical Series 



— COMPRISES — 

A FIRST LATIN BOOK, 
A LATIN GRAMMAR, 
A LATIN READER, 



And Editions of all the Latin Authors usually 
read in Sehools and Colleges. 



I?-— °^ *& 

^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by £ 

ELDREDGE & BROTHER, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. \i 



REVISED EDITION. Copyright, 1885. 

g-^ Xl^ "^^£ 

J. FAGAN & SON, *^ 
ELECTROTYPERS, PHILAD'A. ^J 
V^ ^5S 











rPHE text in these selections is based upon that 
of Jahn ; but in doubtful or disputed places I 
have used an independent judgment, the grounds 
of which will be found stated in the Notes. 

Few ancient authors impose a heavier task upon 
the commentator than Juvenal, both on account 
of occasional obscurities of meaning and corrup- 
tions of the text, and from the large number of 
antiquarian and historical allusions which require 
explanation. I submit my labors to the judg- 
ment of competent scholars, hoping that they w T ill 
contribute to the successful study of a writer in 
whose terse and sententious diction the Latin lan- 
guage shows some of its highest capabilities. 

Room has been made to insert one of the satires 
of Persius, to give a taste of the peculiar quality 
of an author, who, if dainty and bookish, is at- 
tractive for his moral elevation and earnestness. 

T. C. 



INTRODUCTION. 



IN various manuscripts of Juvenal short lives of the 
satirist are to be found, one of which is not uncommonly 
supposed to have been written by the grammarian Pro- 
bus, although it is published among the memoirs attrib- 
uted to Suetonius. There are but few references to the 
personal history of their author in the Satires themselves ; 
for the reticent Juvenal is very unlike the confiding Hor- 
ace, who wears his heart upon his sleeve. Putting together 
such scanty indications of the facts as we have from these 
two sources, an imperfect sketch may be made of a biog- 
raphy, which I will give nearly in the words of Macleane : 
" Decimus 1 Junius Juvenalis was born, possibly at 
Aquinum in Latium, about the beginning of Nero's reign, 
that is soon after A. d. 54, of respectable parents, his 
father being a rich libertinus, and he himself therefore 
ingenuus. He received the usual education of a Roman 
boy and youth, attending a school of rhetoric after the 
grammar-school. He took the toga virilis about the be- 
ginning of Vespasian's reign, a. d. 70, and having learnt 
rhetoric, continued to practise it as a man, not profession- 
ally, but for his own amusement. Soon after the year 
100, in the early part of the reign of Trajan, Juvenal 
first published a volume of Satires (of which the first in 
our collection was one), having already recited them to 
large audiences. It is not unlikely that some of these, 
or parts of them, had been composed in the reign of Do- 

1 Macleane and some others make the mistake of calling him 
" Decius," which never was a Roman praenomen . 

A 2 v 



VI INTRODUCTION. 

mitian (a. d. 81-96), or even earlier, but that the poet 
had not ventured to make them public. He continued 
to write freely during Trajan's reign, which ended A. d. 
117, when Juvenal was about sixty, and during the early 
years of Hadrian's reign, that is, till about A. d. 120. In 
this reign he may have lived in comfort through the 
liberality of the emperor, though his household was on a 
frugal scale, as he tells us in Sat. xi., from which (verse 
65) we learn that he had property at Tibur. It is not 
impossible he may have lived till the accession of Anto- 
ninus Pius, who succeeded Hadrian a. d. 138, when 
Juvenal was eighty or a little more." 

I have omitted in this sketch any allusion to Juve- 
nal's banishment, on account of the great uncertainty 
which attends the whole subject. The pseudo-Suetonius 
says of Juvenal, " Having written a clever satire of a 
few verses on Paris the pantomimus, and a poet of his 
who was puffed up with his paltry six months' military 
rank, he took pains to perfect himself in this kind of 
writing. And yet for a very long time he did not ven- 
ture to trust anything even to a small audience. But 
after a while he was heard by great crowds, and 
with great success, several times ; so that he was led to 
insert in his new writings those verses which he had 
written first : 

quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio : tu Camerinos 

et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas ? 

praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos. — (vii. 90 sqq.) 

" The player was at that time one of the favorites at 
court, and many of his supporters were daily promoted. 
Juvenal, therefore, fell under suspicion as one who had 
covertly censured the times ; and forthwith, under color 



INTRODUCTION. Vll 

of military promotion, though he was eighty years of age, 
he was removed from the city, and sent to be praefectus 
of a cohort which was stationed in the farthest part of 
Egypt. That sort of punishment was determined upon 
as being suited to a light and jocular offence. Within 
a very short time he died of vexation and disgust." 

There are things intrinsically difficult of credence in 
this story, and it is told with great variations in the dif- 
ferent manuscript lives. The part of the offended empe- 
ror is played by Nero and Trajan, as well as Domitian, 
and three of the lives make Scotland the scene of the 
exile, whither Juvenal is sent as praefectus militum in 
the hope that he would be killed in battle. Of recent 
scholars who accept the banishment, Hermann makes 
Domitian send the satirist to Scotland, Friedlander dates 
the event under Trajan, with whom the actor Pylades 
had great influence, Kibbeck under Hadrian. Macleane 
discredits the whole story, although allowing that, if 
placed in the reign of Domitian, it is not chronologically 
impossible. It is thought that Sidonius Apollinaris re- 
fers to Juvenal in the lines, where, after mentioning the 
banishment of Ovid, he adds : 

nee qui consimili deinde casu 

ad vulgi tenuem strepentis auram 

iratifuit histrionis exsul. — Carm. ix. 270. 

From the Satires themselves, it would appear that Ju- 
venal was most certainly writing after Domitian had 
perished in a. d. 96, for he speaks of the death of that 
emperor (iv. 153) ; and after the conviction of Marius 
Priscus (i. 47), which we know to have taken place in 
a. d. 100. The thirteenth satire was probably written as 
late as a. d. 127 (see verse 17) ; the fifteenth soon after 
that date (see verse 27). 



Vlll INTRODUCTION. 

There are three epigrams in Martial containing allu- 
sions to a Juvenal who is probably our satirist : one (vii. 
24) against a slanderer who tried to bring about a quarrel 
between the two poets; another (vii. 91), sent with a 
Saturnalian present of nuts, in which the recipient is 
addressed as "facunde Juvenalis;" and a third (xii. 18), 
which begins with the following lines : 

Dum tu forsitan inquietus erras 
clamosa, Juvenalis, in Subura, 
aut collem dominae teris Dianae, 
dum per limina te potentiorum 
sudatrix toga ventilat, vagumque 
major Caelius et minor fatigant, 
me multos repetita post Decembres 
accepit mea rusticumque fecit 
auro Bilbilis et superba ferro. 

One other witness has come down to us from the times 
of our poet. There is an inscription (Mommsen Inscr. 
NeapoL 4312) at Aquinum, which (with the lacunae sup- 
plied in small letters) runs thus : 

cereRI * SACRVM 

d.iuNIVS • IVVENALIS 

tEIb • COH ■ i. DELMATARVM 

II • VIE • QVINQ * FLAMEN 

DIVI • VESPASIANI 

VOVIT • DEDICAVitqVE 

SVA PEC 

The inscription marks an altar dedicated by Juvenal 
to the Helvina Ceres mentioned in Sat. iii. 320. 

The most interesting speculation of recent times in re- 
gard to our author was originated by Ribbeck, in his 
treatise Der echte und der unechte Juvenal, which appeared 
in Berlin in 1865. According to this acute scholar, the 
first nine satires, — with the exception of verses 1--36 in 
the fourth, — the eleventh satire, — with the exception 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

of verses 1-55, — and possibly the sixteenth, are the 
only genuine productions of Juvenal preserved to us, 
and they themselves are disfigured with interpolations, 
corruptions, and transpositions of verses. The remain- 
ing satires, together with the introductions to the fourth 
and eleventh, are the tasteless forgeries of some unknown 
declamator, a hungry commonplace poet, to Avhose combi- 
nation with a speculating bookseller they owe their origin. 

That there is a marked difference between the two 
divisions of the reputed works of Juvenal which Ribbeck 
has made, cannot be denied. The satires admitted to be 
genuine, deal directly with men, manners, vices, follies, 
and are a rich storehouse of information in regard to the 
condition of Roman society in the time when they were 
written. They are the indignant voice of a live man 
lashing real vices of real men. The satires of the other 
class are declamations on stock themes, illustrated by 
stock characters, — Alexander, Hannibal, Priam, gods 
and goddesses. They could have been written by a re- 
cluse pedant ; the others could only have come from a 
man of vigorous sense and keen observation, who knew 
the world. In literary execution, the satires of the 
second class are inferior to those of the first ; it has been 
charged against them, not without truth, that they are 
spun out, their style is sometimes turgid, the illustrations 
sometimes inapt. But these differences Ribbeck greatly 
exaggerates. He speaks of the declamator with a con- 
tempt quite unwarranted. There are great beauties in 
the disputed satires, — whatever their defects, — to which 
the world will never refuse its admiration. 

Ribbeck has perhaps succeeded in opening a question 
which will never be fully settled. The vital defect, how- 
ever, of his argument lies in the impossibility of fixing 



X INTRODUCTION. 

the precise limits of possible variation in quality between 
different productions of the same mind. It would not 
be difficult to cite among the acknowledged works of 
other authors, ancient and modern, instances of as great 
difference as exists between these two divisions of Juve- 
nal's satires. Nor is a satisfactory explanation of the 
variance impossible. The lively, vigorous, burning satires 
wrote themselves. Fecit indignatio verswn. The others 
were written in cold blood, either (as I think it most 
probable) by a man whose reputation was already estab- 
lished, so that he had a market for his wares, and at an 
advanced age when calm reflection and even common- 
place generalization are more natural than keen observa- 
tion and impetuous sallies of temper, or by a young rhet- 
orician whose fiery zeal is yet to be excited when he 
leaves his books and reads in actual life the stern lessons 
of which the seething mass of Roman society in the im- 
perial times was full. 

We have more reason to doubt whether all the 
satires as we have them received their author's final 
touches and editorial revision. Carelessness may account 
for some of the faults which have been charged to forgery. 

It is generally safe to leave a reader to discover and 
judge for himself the characteristics of the author who 
engages his attention ; but I can hardly refrain from in- 
serting here some lively remarks of Lewis upon the 
great Roman satirist : 

" In depicting character, in drawing scenes, even in 
turns of expression, Juvenal is, of all ancient authors, 
the most distinctly modern. His scenes are manipulated 
with a few broad touches, in which the salient points are 
always brought into the foreground ; and it has been well 
observed that a painter of kindred genius would have 



INTRODUCTION. XI 

small difficulty in transferring them to canvas. If we 
believed in the metempsychosis doctrine, we might almost 
suppose that the soul of Juvenal reappeared in Hogarth. 
The crowd hurrying to the sportula or ' dole ; ' the streets 
of Rome by day and night ; the court of Domitian, his 
worthless parasites and their trumpery subjects of dis- 
cussion ; the poor dependent dining with the rich patron, 
and the insults he is exposed to ; the senator's wife elop- 
ing with a gladiator ; the interior of fashionable ladies' 
boudoirs, and the frivolous pursuits and superstitions of 
ladies of rank ; the arts and shifts of starveling poets ; 
the nobleman addicted to the turf ; the aspect of the city 
on the fall of a great minister ; a tete-a-tete supper of two 
friends : these and many other scenes of Roman life are 
brought before us with the vivid touches of a Defoe or a 
Swift. They are ' sketches ' in the modern sense ; and 
I know of nothing exactly resembling them in any other 
ancient author. The modes of expression, again, the 
turns of thought, the humor, are often distinctly modern, 
and such as we should look for in the pages of Fielding 
or Thackeray. The upstart coming on in his litter, 
which is ' filled up by himself; ' the poor man who had 
nothing, it is true, ' but who lost all that nothing ' in the 
fire ; the sycophant who, when his patron complains of 
the heat, immediately ' sweats ; ' ' the rustic infant in 
his mother's lap, gazing with horror at the frightful mask 
of the actor ' when taken to the play ; the chaff, as we 
style it, of the fast young Roman noble directed against 
the plebeian whom he is going to pommel, ' Whose 
vinegar and beans are you distended with ? What 
cobbler have you been supping off sheep's-head with, you 
beggar ? • the description of the fight, ' if fight it may 
be called, where one man does the pommelling and the 



Xll INTRODUCTION. 

other man's part is limited to being pommelled ; ' the 
prayer of the poor wretch that he may be allowed to re- 
turn home 'with a few teeth left him; ' the compliment 
of the fisherman on presenting an enormous turbot to 
Domitian, ' Depend upon it, sire, the fish got himself 
caught on purpose! \ the school-master whose class pro- 
ceeds to 'destroy wicked tyrants/ and whose head is 
made to ache by that ' dreadful Hannibal ; ' Hannibal 
himself stalking across the Alps 'in order to amuse 
school-boys, and be turned into the theme for an exercise ; ' 
the exclamations of the Romans on hearing of the 
fall of Sejanus, ' Believe me, there was something about 
that man which I never liked. What a repulsive 
countenance he had, to be sure ! ' the picture of the old 
ex-Dictator, in the primitive times, trudging off with 
a spade over his shoulder to a supper party, where 
bacon and perhaps a trifle of fresh meat were to be the 
fare, ' with a dash of haste ' so as to be sure to be 
in time ; the advice to the civilian in a dispute with 
soldiers never to commence an action, with only two legs 
to plead against a thousand hobnails ; such turns of ex- 
pression as ' the fires, the falling in of roofs, the thousand 
perils of cruel Rome, last of all, the poets reciting in the 
dog-days;' or again, in a comparison of Orestes and 
Nero, 'At any rate, Orestes did not murder his sister and 
his wife, he did not poison his relations, he did not ivrite 
rubbishy poems about Troy ; ' the remark about Horace, 
' Horace has had enough to eat when he cries out ' Euoe !' — 
examples of this kind might be multiplied in support of my 
assertion that there is in Juvenal a humor quite distinct 
from the quaint humor of Plautus and the delicate banter 
of Horace, of which no example existed previous to his 
time in Roman literature, while modern literature fur- 
nishes much that is akin to it." 




1). IVNII IVVENALIS 

SATVEAE. 



o>©4o 



I. 

Semper ego auditor tantum ? numquamne reponam, 

vexatus totiens rauci Theseide Cordi ? 

impune ergo mihi recitaverit ille togatas, 

hie elegos ? impune diem consumpserit ingens 

Telephus, aut summi plena jam margine libri 5 

scriptus et in tergo nee dum finitus Orestes ? 

nota magis nulli domus est sua, quam mihi lucus 

Martis et Aeoliis vicinum rupibus antrum 

Vulcani. quid agant venti, quas torqueat umbras 

Aeacus, unde alius furtivae devehat aurum 10 

pelliculae, quantas jaculetur Monychus ornos, 

Frontonis platani convulsaque marmora clamant 

semper et adsiduo ruptae lectore columnae : 

exspectes eadem a summo minimoque poeta. 

et nos ergo manum ferulae subduximus, et nos 15 

consilium dedimus Sullae, privatus ut altum 

dormiret ; stulta est dementia, cum tot ubique 

vatibus occurras, periturae parcere chartae. 

cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo, 

B 13 



14 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

per quern magnus equos Auruncae flexit alumnus, 20 
si vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis, edam. 

Cum tener uxorem ducat spado, Mevia Tuscum 
figat aprum et nuda teneat venabula mamma, 
patricios omnis opibus cum provocet unus 
quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat, 25 

cum pars Niliacae plebis, cum verna Canopi 
Crispinus, Tyrias umero revocante lacernas, 
ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum, 
nee sufferre queat majoris pondera gemmae, 
difficile est saturam non scribere. nam quis iniquae 30 
tarn patiens urbis, tarn ferreus, ut teneat se, 
causidici nova cum veniat lectica Mathonis 
plena ipso, post hunc magni delator amici 
et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa 
quod superest, quern Massa timet, quern munere palpat 
Carus et a trepido Thymele summissa Latino ? 36 

quid referam quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira, 45 

cum populum gregibus comitum premit hie spoliator 
pupilli prostantis ? et hie damnatus inani 
judicio (quid enim sal vis infamia nummis ?) 
exul ab octava Marius bibit et fruitur dis 
iratis, at tu victrix provincia ploras ? 50 

Haec ego non credam Venusina digna lucerna ? 
haec ego non agitem ? sed quid magis ? Heracleas 
aut Diomedeas aut mugitum labyrinthi 
et mare percussum puero fabrumque volantem ? 
cum leno accipiat moechi bona, si capiendi 55 



SATVRA I. 15 

jus nullum uxori, doctus spectare lacunar, 

doctus et ad calicem vigilanti stertere naso ; 

cum fas esse putet curam sperare cohortis, 

qui bona donavit praesepibus et caret omni 

majorum censu, dum pervolat axe citato 60 

Flaminiam puer Automedon ; nam lora tenebat 

ipse, lacernatae cum se jactaret amicae ! 

nonne libet medio ceras implere capaces 

quadrivio, cum jam sexta cervice feratur, 

hinc atque inde patens ac nuda paene cathedra 65 

et multum referens de Maecenate supino, 

signator falso, qui se lautum atque beatum 

exiguis tabulis et gemma fecerat uda ? 

occurrit matrona potens, quae molle Calenum 

porrectura viro miscet sitiente rubetam, 70 

instituitque rudes melior Lucusta propinquas 

per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos. 

aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum, 

si vis esse aliquid. probitas laudatur et alget. 

criminibus debent hortos, praetoria, mensas, 75 

argentum vetus, et stantem extra pocula caprum. 

quern patitur dormire nurus corruptor avarae, 

quern sponsae turpes et praetextatus adulter ? 

si natura negat, facit indignatio versum, 

qualemcunque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus. 80 

Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus aequor, 
navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit, 
paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa, 



16 I). IVNII IVVENALIS 

et inaribus nudas ostendit Pyrra puellas, 

quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, 85 

gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli est. 

et quando uberior vitiorum copia ? quando 

major avaritiae patuit sinus ? alea quando 

hos animos ? neque enim loculis comitantibus itur 

ad casum tabulae, posita sed luditur area. 90 

proelia quanta illie dispensatore videbis 

armigero ! simplexne furor sestertia centum 

perdere, et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo ? 

quis totidem erexit villas, quis fercula septem 

secreto cenavit avus ? nunc sportula primo 95 

limine parva sedet, turbae rapienda togatae : 

ille tamen faciem prius inspicit et trepidat, ne 

suppositus venias ac falso nomine poscas. 

agnitus accipies. jubet a praecone vocari 

ipsos Trojugenas (nam vexant limen et ipsi 100 

nobiscum) : ' da praetori, da deinde tribuno.' 

sed libertinus prior est. ' prior/ inquit, ' ego adsum. 

cur timeam dubitemve locum defendere, quamvis 

natus ad Eupbraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae 

arguerint, licet ipse negem? sed quinque tabernae 105 

quadringenta parant. quid confert purpura major 

optandum, si Laurenti custodit in agro 

conductas Corvinus oves, ego possideo plus 

Pallante et Licinis ? ' exspectent ergo tribuni, 

vincant divitiae, sacro ne cedat honori 110 

nuper in hanc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis ; 



SATVRA I. 17 

quandoquidera inter nos sanctissima divitiarum 

majestas, etsi, funesta Pecunia, templo 

nondum habitas, nullas nummorum ereximus aras, 

ut colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, 115 

quaeque salutato crepitat Concordia nido. 

Sed cum summus honor finito computet anno 
sportula quid referat, quantum rationibus addat, 
quid facient comites, quibus hinc toga, calceus hinc est 
et panis fumusque domi? densissima centum 120 

quadrantes lectica petit, sequiturque maritum 
languida vel praegnas et circumducitur uxor, 
hie petit absenti, nota jam callidus arte, 
ostendens vacuam et clausam pro conjuge sellam. 
1 Galla mea est/ inquit, ' citius dimitte. moraris ? 125 
profer, Galla, caput ! noli vexare, quiescet.' 

Ipse dies pulchro distinguitur ordine rerum : 

sportula, deinde forum jurisque peritus Apollo, 

atque triumph ales, inter quas ausus habere 

nescio quis titulos Aegyptius atque Arabarches, 130 

cujus ad effigiem non tantum meiere fas est. 

vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes 

votaque deponunt, quamquam longissima cenae 

spes homini : caulis miseris atque ignis emendus. 

optima sil varum interea pelagique vorabit 135 

rex horum, vacuisque toris tantum ipse jacebit. 

nam de tot pulchris et latis orbibus et tarn 

antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa. 

nullus jam parasitus erit. sed quis ferat istas 
2— Juv. B2 



18 D. IVNII IVVENAHS 

luxuriae sordes ? quanta est gula, quae sibi totos 140 

ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum ! 

poena tamen praesens, cum tu deponis amictus 

turgidus et crudum pavonem in balnea portas. 

hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus, 

et, nova nee tristis per cunctas fabula cenas, 145 

ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis. 

Nil erit ulterius, quod nostris moribus addat 
posteritas ; eadem facient cupientque minores ; 
omne in praecipiti vitium stetit ; utere velis, 
totos pande sinus ! dicas hie forsitan : ' unde 150 

ingenium par materiae ? unde ilia priorum 
scribendi quodcumque animo flagrante liberet 
simplicitas, " cujus non audeo dicere nomen ? 
quid refert dictis ignoscat Mucius an non?" 
pone Tigellinum, taeda lucebis in ilia, 155 

qua stantes ardent, qui fixo pectore fumant, 
et latum media sulcum deducis harena/ 
qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehatur 
pensilibus plumis, atque illinc despiciat nos ? 
' cum veniet contra, digito compesce labellum. 160 

accusator erit qui verbum dixerit " hie est." 
securus licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem 
committas, nulli gravis est percussus Achilles 
aut multum quaesitus Hylas urnamque secutus : 
ense velut stricto quotiens Lucilius ardens 165 

infremuit, rubet auditor, cui frigida mens est 
criminibus, tacita sudant praecordia culpa : 



SATVRA III. 19 

inde irae et lacrimae. tecum prius ergo voluta 
haec animo ante tubas, galeatum sero duelli 
paenitet.' — experiar, quid concedatur in illos, 170 

quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina. 

III. 

Quamvis digressu veteris confusus amici, 
laudo tamen, vacuis quod sedem figere Cumis 
destinet atque unum civem donare Sibyllae. 
janua Baiarum est et gratum litus amoeni 
secessus. ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae. 5 

nam quid tarn miserum, tarn solum vidimus, ut non 
deterius credas horrere incendia, lapsus 
tectorum adsiduos, ac mille pericula saevae 
urbis, et Augusto recitantes mense poetas ? 

Sed dum tota domus reda componitur una, 10 

substitit ad veteres arcus madidamque Capenam. 
hie, ubi nocturnae Numa constituebat amicae, 
nunc sacri fontis nemus et delubra locantur 
Judaeis, quorum cophinus faenumque supellex ; 
(omnis enim populo mercedem pendere jussa est 15 

arbor, et ejectis mendicat silva Camenis) ; 
in vallem Egeriae descendimus et speluncas 
dissimiles veris. quanto praesentius esset 
numen aquae, viridi si margine cluderet undas 
herba nee ingenuum violarent marmora tofum ! 20 

hie tunc Umbricius, 'quando artibus/ inquit, ' honestis 
nullus in urbe locus, nulla emolumenta laborum, 



20 D. IVNII rVVENALIS 

res hodie minor est here quam fuit, atque eadem eras 

deteret exiguis aliquid, proponimus illuc 

ire, fatigatas ubi Daedalus exuit alas, 25 

dum nova canities, dum prima et recta senectus, 

dum superest Lachesi quod torqueat, et pedibus me 

porto meis nullo dextram subeunte bacillo. 

cedamus patria. vivant Artorius istic 

et Catulus, maneant qui nigrum in Candida vertunt, 30 

quis facile est aedem conducere, flumina, portus, 

siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver, 

et praebere caput domina venale sub hasta. 

quondam hi cornicines et municipalis harenae 

perpetui comites notaeque per oppida buccae 35 

munera nunc edunt, et verso pollice vulgus 

quern jubet occidunt populariter; inde reversi 

conducunt foricas, et cur non omnia ? cum sint 

quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum 

extollit quotiens voluit Fortuna jocari. 40 

quid Komae faciam? mentiri nescio, librum, 

si malus est, nequeo laudare et poscere, motus 

astrorum ignoro, funus promittere patris 

nee volo nee possum, ranarum viscera numquam 

inspexi ; ferre ad nuptam quae mittit adulter, 45 

quae mandat, norunt alii ; me nemo ministro 

fur erit, atque ideo nulli comes exeo, tamquam 

mancus et exstinctae corpus non utile dextrae. 

quis nunc diligitur, nisi conscius, et cui fervens 

aestuat occultis animus semperque tacendis ? 50 



SATVEA II r. 21 

nil tibi se debere putat, nil conferet umquam, 

participem qui te secreti fecit honesti ; 

cams erit Verri, qui Verrem tempore quo vult 

accusare potest, tanti tibi non sit opaci 

omnis harena Tagi quodque in mare volvitur aurum, 55 

ut somno careas ponendaque praemia sum as 

tristis et a magno semper timearis amico. 

Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris 
et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri, 
nee pudor obstabit. non possum ferre, Quirites, 60 

Graecam urbem. quamvis quota portio faecis Achaei ? 
jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes, 
et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas 
obliquas nee non gentilia tympana secum 
vexit et ad circum jussas prostare puellas : 65 

ite quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra ! 
rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, 
et ceromatico fert niceteria collo ! 
hie alta Sicyone, ast hie Amydone relicta, 
hie Andro, ille Samo, hie Trallibus aut Alabandis, 70 
Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem, 
viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri. 
ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo 
promptus et Isaeo torrentior. ede, quid ilium 
esse putes ? quern vis hominem secum attulit ad nos : 75 
grammaticus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes, 
augur, schoenobates, medicus, magus, omnia novit 
Graeculus esuriens: in caelum, jusseris, ibit. 



22 D. IVXII IVVENALTS. 

in summa, non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nee 

Thrax 
qui sumpsit pinnas, mediis sed natus Athenis. 80 

horum ego non fugiam conchylia ? me prior ille 
signabit fultusque toro meliore recumbet, 
advectus Eomam quo pruna et cottona vento ? 
usque adeo nihil est, quod nostra infantia caelum 
hausit Aventini, baca nutrita Sabina? 85 

quid quod adulandi gens prudentissima laudat 
sermonem indocti, faciem deformis amici, 
et longum invalidi collum cervicibus aequat 
Herculis Antaeum procul a tellure tenentis, 
miratur vocem angustam, qua deterius nee 90 

ille sonat quo mordetur gallina marito ? 
haec eadem licet et nobis laudare ; sed illis 
creditur. an melior, cum Thaida sustinet aut cum 
uxorem comoedus agit vel Dorida nullo 
cultam palliolo ? mulier nempe ipsa videtur, 95 

non persona loqui. 

nee tamen Antiochus, nee erit mirabilis illic 
aut Stratocles aut cum molli Demetrius Haemo : 
natio comoeda est. rides, majore cachinno 100 

concutitur ; flet, si lacrimas conspexit amici, 
nee dolet ; igniculum brumae si tempore poscas, 
accipit endromidem ; si dixeris " aestuo," sudat. 
[non sumus ergo pares : melior, qui semper et omni] 
nocte dieque potest aliena sumere vultum 105 

a facie, jactare manus, laudare paratus, 



SATVEA III. 23 

si bene ructavit, si rectum minxit amicus, 

si trulla inverso crepitum. dedit aurea fundo. 108 

et quoniam coepit Graecorum mentio, transi 114 

gymnasia atque audi facinus majoris abollae. 

stoicus occidit Baream delator, amicum 

discipulumque senex, ripa nutritus in ilia, 

ad quam Gorgonei delapsa est pinna caballi. 

non est Romano cuiquam locus hie, ubi regnat 

Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Hermarchus, 120 

qui gentis vitio numquam partitur amicum, 

solus habet ; nam cum facilem stillavit in aurem 

exiguum de naturae patriaeque veneno, 

limine summoveor, perierunt tempora longi 

servitii ; nusquam minor est jactura clientis. 125 

Quod porro officium, ne nobis blandiar, aut quod 
pauperis hie meritum, si curet nocte togatus 
currere, cum praetor lictorem impellat et ire 
praecipitem jubeat, dudum vigilantibus orbis, 
ne prior Albinam et Modiam collega salutet? 130 

da testem Romae tarn sanctum, quam fuit hospes 137 
numinis Idaei, procedat vel Numa vel qui 
servavit trepidam flagranti ex aede Minervam : 
protinus ad censum, de moribus ultima fiet 140 

quaestio. " quot pascit servos ? quot possidet agri 
jugera? quam multa magnaque paropside cenat?" 
quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, 
tantum habet et fidei. jures licet et Samothracum 
et nostrorum aras, contemnere fulmina pauper 145 



24 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

creditur atque deos, dis ignoscentibus ipsis. 

quid quod materiam praebet causasque jocorum 

omnibus hie idem, si foeda et scissa lacerna, 

si toga sordidula est et rupta calceus alter 

pelle patet, vel si consuto vulnere crassum 1*50 

atque recens linum ostendit non una cicatrix ? 

nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se, 

quam quod ridiculos homines facit. " exeat," inquit, 

" si pudor est, et de pulvino surgat equestri, 

cujus res legi non sufficit, et sedeant hie 155 

lenonum pueri quocumque e fornice nati ; 

hie plaudat nitidi praeconis filius inter 

pinnirapi cultos juvenes juvenesque lanistae; 

sic libitum vano, qui nos distinxit, Othoni." 

quis gener hie placuit censu minor atque puellae 160 

sarcinulis impar ? quis pauper scribitur heres ? 

quandoin consilio est aedilibus? agmine facto 

debuerant olim tenues migrasse Quirites. 

haut facile emergunt, quorum virtu tibus obstat 

res angusta domi ; sed Komae durior illis 165 

conatus : magno hospitium miserabile, magno 

servorum ventres, et frugi cenula magno. 

fictilibus cenare pudet, quod turpe negabis 

translatus subito ad Marsos mensamque Sabellam 

contentusque illic veneto duroque cucullo. 170 

pars magna Italiae est, si verum admittimus, in qua 

nemo togam sumit nisi mortuus. ipsa dierum 

festorum herboso colitur si quando theatro 



SATYR A III, 25 

majestas, tandemque redit ad pulpita notum 
exodium, cum personae pallentis hiatum 175 

in gremio matris formidat rusticus infans, 
aequales habitus illic similesque videbis 
orchestram et populum ; clari velamen honoris 
sufficiunt tunicae sumrais aedilibus albae. 
hie ultra vires habitus nitor, hie aliquid plus 180 

quam satis est interdum aliena sumitur area, 
commune id vitium est, hie vivimus ambitiosa 
paupertate omnes. quid te moror ? omnia Romae 
cum pretio. quid das, ut Cossum aliquando salutes ? 
ut te respiciat clauso Veiento labello? 185 

ille metit barbam, crinem hie deponit amati, 
plena domus libis venalibus. accipe et istud 
fermentum tibi habe, praestare tributa clientes 
cogimur et cultis augere peculia servis. 

Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam, 190 
aut positis nemorosa inter juga Volsiniis, aut 
simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce ? 
nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam 
magna parte sui : nam sic labentibus obstat 
vilicus, et, veteris rimae cum texit hiatum, 195 

securos pendente jubet dormire ruina. 
vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, nulli 
nocte metus. jam poscit aquam, jam frivola transfert 
Ucalegon, tabulata tibi jam tertia fumant, 
tu nescis : nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, 200 

ultimus ardebit, quern tegula sola tuetur 



26 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

a pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae. 

lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex, 

ornamentum abaci, nee non et parvulus infra 

cantharus et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron, 205 

jaraque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos, 

et divina opici rodebant carmina mures. 

nil habuit Codrus, quis enim negat ? et tamen illud 

perdidit infelix totum nihil ; ultimus autem 

aerumnae est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem 210 

nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque juvabit. 

si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater, 

pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor ; 

tunc gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem. 

ardet adhuc, et jam accurrit qui marmora donet, 215 

conferat impensas : hie nuda et Candida signa, 

hie aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti, 

phaecasiatorum Vetera ornamenta deorum, 

hie libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam, 

hie modium argenti. meliora ac plura reponit 220 

Persicus, orborum lautissimus, et merito jam 

suspectus tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes. 

si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae 

aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, 

quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum. 225 

hortulus hie puteusque brevis nee reste movendus 

in tenuis plantas facili defunditur haustu. 

vive bidentis amans et culti vilicus horti, 

unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis. 



SATVRA III. 27 

est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu, 230 
unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae. 

Plurimus hie aeger moritur vigilando ; sed ipsum 
languorem peperit cibus inperfectus et haerens 
ardenti sto macho ; nam quae meritoria somnum 
admittunt ? magnis opibus dormitur in urbe : 235 

inde caput morbi. redarum transitus arto 
vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae 
eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis. 

Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur 
dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburno, 240 

atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus, 
namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra ; 
ante tamen veniet : nobis properantibus obstat 
unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos 
qui sequitur, ferit hie cubito, ferit assere duro 245 

alter, at hie tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam ; 
pinguia crura luto ; planta mox undique magna 
calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis haeret. 

Nonne vides, quanto celebretur sportula fumo ? 
centum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina. 250 

Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res 
impositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat 
servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem. 
scinduntur tunicae sartae modo, longa coruscat 
serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum 255 

plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur. 
nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat 



28 D. IYNTI IVVENALIS 

axis et eversum fudit super agraina montem, 

quid superest de corporibus ? quis membra, quis ossa 

invenit? obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver 260 

more animae. domus interea secura patellas 

jam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis 

striglibus et pleno componit lintea guto. 

haec inter pueros varie properantur, at ille 

jam sedet in ripa taetrumque novicius horret 265 

porthmea, nee sperat cenosi gurgitis alnum 

infelix, nee habet quern porrigat ore trientem. 

Kespice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis, 
quod spatium tectis sublimibus, unde cerebrum 
testa ferit, quotiens rimosa et curta fenestris 270 

vasa cadant, quanto percussum pondere signent 
et laedant silicem. possis ignavus haberi 
et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si 
intestatus eas : adeo tot fata, quot ilia 
nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae. 275 

ergo optes votumque feras miserabile tecum, 
ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves, 
ebrius ac petulans, qui nullum forte cecidit, 
dat poenas, noctem patitur lugentis amicum 
Pelidae, cubat in faciem, mox deinde supinus. 280 

[ergo non aliter poterit dormire ? quibusdam] 
somnum rixa facit. sed, quamvis improbus annis 
atque mero fervens, cavet hunc, quern coccina laena 
vitari jubet et comitum longissimus ordo, 
multum praeterea flammarum et aenea lampas ; 285 



SATVRA III. 29 

me, quern luna solet deducere vel breve lumen 

eandelae, cujus dispenso et tempero filum, 

contemnit. miserae cognosce prooernia rixae, 

si rixa est, ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum. 

stat contra starique jubet : parere necesse est, 290 

nam quid agas, cum te furiosus cogat et idem 

fortior? " unde venis ? " exclamat; " cujus aceto, 

cujus conche tumes? quis tecum sectile porrum 

sutor et elixi vervecis labra comedit ? 

nil mihi respondes ? aut die, aut accipe calcem ! 295 

ede, ubi consistas ! in qua te quaero proseucha ? " 

dicere si temptes aliquid tacitusve recedas, 

tantumdem est, feriunt pariter, vadimonia deinde 

irati faciunt ; libertas pauperis haec est : 

pulsatus rogat et pugnis concisus adorat, 300 

ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti. 

nee tamen haec tantum metuas ; nam qui spoliet te 

non derit, clausis domibus postquam omnis ubique 

fixa catenatae siluit compago tabernae. 

interdum et ferro subitus grassator agit rem : 305 

armato quotiens tutae custode tenentur 

et Pomptina palus et Gallinaria pinus, 

sic inde hue omnes tamquam ad vivaria currunt. 

qua fornace graves, qua non incude, catenae ? 

maximus in vinclis ferri modus, ut timeas ne 310 

vomer deficiat, ne marrae et sarcula desint. 

felices proavorum atavos, felicia dicas 

saecula, quae quondam sub regibus atque tribunis 

C2 



30 D. IVNII IYVE KALIS 

viderunt uno contentam carcere Romam. 

His alias poteram et pluris subnectere causas, 315 

sed jumenta vocant, et sol inclinat, eundum est ; 
nam mihi commota jandudum mulio virga 
annuit. — ergo vale nostri memor, et quotiens te 
Roma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquino, 
me quoque ad Helvinam Cererem vestramque Dianam 320 
converte a Cumis : saturarum ego, ni pudet illas, 
adjutor gelidos veniam caligatus in agros.' 

IV. 

Ecce iterum Crispinus, et est mihi saepe vocandus 

ad partes, monstrum nulla virtute redemptum 

a vitiis, aegrae solaque libidine fortes 

deliciae : viduas tantum spernatur adulter. 

quid refert igitur, quantis jumenta fatiget 5 

porticibus, quanta nemorum vectetur in umbra, 

jugera quot vicina foro, quas emerit aedes ? 

nemo malus felix, minime corruptor et idem 

incestus, cum quo nuper vittata jacebat 

sanguine adhuc vivo terram subitura sacerdos. 10 

sed nunc de factis levioribus — et tamen alter 

si fecisset idem, caderet sub judice morum ; 

nam quod turpe bonis, Titio Seioque, decebat 

Crispinum — quid agas, cum dira et foedior omni 

crimine persona est? mullum sex milibus emit, 15 

aequantem sane paribus sestertia libris, 

ut perhibent qui de magnis majora loquuntur. 



SATVRA IV. 31 

consilium laudo artificis, si munere tanto 
praecipuam in tabulis ceram senis abstulit orbi ; 
est ratio ulterior, magnae si misit amicae, 20 

quae vehitur cluso latis specularibus antro. 
nil tale exspectes, emit sibi. multa videmus, 
quae miser et frugi non fecit Apicius. hoc tu, 
succinctus patria quondam, Crispine, papyro, 
hoc pretio squamam ? potuit fortasse minoris 25 

piscator quam piscis emi ; provincia tanti 
vendit agros, sed majores Apulia vendit. 
quales tunc epulas ipsum gluttisse putamus 
-induperatorem, cum tot sestertia, partem 
exiguam et modicae sumptam de margine cenae, 30 

purpureus magni ructarit scurra Palati, 
jam princeps equitum, magna qui voce solebat 
vendere municipes fracta de merce siluros ? 
incipe, Calliope ! licet et considere : non est 
cantandum, res vera agitur. narrate, puellae 35 

Pierides ! prosit mihi vos dixisse puellas. 

Cum jam semianimum laceraret Flavius orbem 
ultimus et calvo serviret Roma Neroni, 
incidit Adriaci spatium admirabile rhombi 
ante domum Veneris, quam Dorica sustinet Ancon, 40 
implevitque sinus ; nee enim minor haeserat illis, 
quos operit glacies Maeotica ruptaque tandem 
solibus effundit torrentis ad ostia Ponti, 
desidia tardos et longo frigore pingues. 



32 IV NI I I V VENA LIS 

destinat hoc monstrura cumbae linique magister 45 

pontifici summo. quis enim proponere talem 

aut emere auderet, cum plena et litora multo 

delatore forent ? dispersi protinus algae 

inquisitores agerent cum remige nudo, 

non dubitaturi fugitivum dicere piscem 50 

depastumque diu vivaria Caesaris, inde 

elapsum veterem ad dominum debere reverti. 

si quid Palfurio, si credimus Armillato, 

quidquid conspicuum pulchrumque est aequore toto, 

res fisci est, ubicumque natat : donabitur ergo, 55 

ne pereat. jam letifero cedente pruinis 

autumno, jam quartanam sperantibus aegris, 

stridebat deformis hiems praedamque recentem 

servabat ; tamen hie properat, velut urgueat auster. 

utque lacus suberant, ubi quamquam diruta servat 60 

ignem Trojanum et Vestam colit Alba minorem, 

obstitit intranti miratrix turba parumper ; 

ut cessit, facili patuerunt cardine valvae ; 

exclusi spectant admissa obsonia patres. 

itur ad Atriden. turn Picens ' accipe,' dixit, 65 

'privatis majora focis; genialis agatur 

iste dies ; propera stomachum laxare saginans, 

et tua servatum consume in saecula rhombum ; 

ipse capi voluit.' quid apertius ? et tamen illi 

surgebant cristae : nihil est quod credere de se 70 

non possit, cum laudatur dis aequa potestas. 

sed derat pisci patinae mensura. vocantur 



SATVRA IV. 33 

ergo in consilium proceres, quos oderat ille, 

in quorum facie miserae magnaeque sedebat 

pallor amicitiae. primus, clamante Liburno 75 

' currite, jam sedit ! ' rapta properabat abolla 

Pegasus, attonitae positus modo vilicus urbi ; 

anne aliud tunc praefecti ? quorum optimus atque 

interpres legum sanctissimus, omnia, quamquam 

temporibus diris, tractanda putabat inermi 80 

justitia. venit et Crispi jucunda senectus, 

cujus erant mores qualis facundia, mite 

ingenium. maria ac terras populosque regenti 

quis comes utilior, si clade et peste sub ilia 

saevitiam damnare et honestum adferre liceret 85 

consilium ? sed quid violentius aure tyranni, 

cum quo de pluviis aut aestibus aut nimboso 

vere locuturi fatum pendebat amici ? 

ille igitur numquam direxit bracchia contra 

torrentem, nee civis erat qui libera posset 90 

verba animi proferre et vitam inpendere vero : 

sic multas hiemes atque octogensima vidit 

solstitia, his armis ilia quoque tutus in aula. 

proximus ejusdem properabat Acilius aevi, 

cum juvene indigno quern mors tarn saeva maneret 95 

et domini gladiis tarn festinata : sed olim 

prodigio par est in nobilitate senectus, 

unde fit ut malim fraterculus esse gigantis. * 

profuit ergo nihil misero, quod comminus ursos 

figebat Numidas Albana nudus harena 1 00 

3 — Juv. 



34 D.IV.NII IVVENALIS 

venator. quis enim jam non intellegat artes 

patricias ? quis priscum illud miratur acumen, 

Brute, tuum ? facile est barbato inponere regi. 

nee melior vultu, quamvis ignobilis, ibat 

Rubrius, offensae veteris reus atque tacendae, 105 

et tamen inprobior saturam scribente cinaedo. 

Montani quoque venter adest abdomine tardus, 

et matutino sudans Crispinus amomo, 

quantum vix redolent duo funera ; saevior illo 

Pompeius tenui jugulos aperire susurro, 110 

et qui vulturibus servabat viscera Dacis 

Fuscus, marmorea meditatus proelia villa, 

et cum mortifero prudens Veiento Catullo, 

qui numquam visae flagrabat amore puellae, 

grande et conspicuum nostro quoque tempore mon- 

strum, 115 

caecus adulator dirusque a ponte satelles, 
dignus Aricinos qui mendicaret ad axes 
blandaque devexae jactaret basia redae. 
nemo magis rhombum stupuit : nam plurima dixit 
in laevum conversus; at illi dextra jacebat 120 

belua. sic pugnas Cilicis laudabat et ictus 
et pegma et pueros inde ad velaria raptos. 
non cedit Veiento, set ut fanaticus oestro 
percussus, Bellona, tuo divinat et ' ingens 
omen habes,' inquit, ' magni clarique triumphi : 125 

regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno 
excidet Arviragus : peregrina est belua ; cernis 



SATVRA IV. 35 

erectas in terga sudes ? ' hoc defuit unum 

Fabricio, patriara ut rhombi memoraret et annos. 

" quidnam igitur censes ? conciditur ? " ' absit ab illo 130 

dedecus hoc ! ' Montanus ait ; ' testa alta paretur, 

quae tenui muro spatiosum colligat orbem : 

debetur magnus patinae subitusque Prometheus ; 

argillain atque rotam citius properate ! sed ex hoc 

tempore jam, Caesar, figuli tua castra sequantur.' 135 

vicit digna viro sententia : noverat ille 

luxuriam inperii veterem noctesque Neronis 

jam medias aliamque famem, cum pulmo Falerno 

arderet. nulli major fuit usus edendi 

tempestate mea : Circeis nata forent an 140 

Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo 

ostrea, callebat primo depraendere morsu ; 

et semel aspecti litus dicebat echini. 

surgitur, et misso proceres exire jubentur 

consilio, quos Albanam dux magnus in arcem 145 

traxerat attonitos et festinare coactos, 

tamquam de Cattis aliquid torvisque Sycambris 

dicturus, tamquam e diversis partibus orbis 

anxia praecipiti venisset epistula pinna. 

atque utinam his potius nugis tota ilia dedisset 150 
tempora saevitiae, claras quibus abstulit urbi 
inlustresque animas impune et vindice nullo ! 
sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus 
coeperat : hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede madenti. 



36 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 



V. 



Si te propositi nondum pudet atque eadem est mens, 

ut bona summa putes aliena vivere quadra, 

si potes ilia pati, quae nee Sarmentus iniquas 

Caesaris ad mensas nee vilis Gabba tulisset, 

quamvis jurato metuam tibi credere testi. 5 

ventre nihil novi frugalius ; hoc tamen ipsum 

defecisse puta, quod inani sufficit alvo : 

nulla crepido vacat ? nusquam pons et tegetis pars 

dimidia brevior? tantine injuria cenae? 

tarn jejuna fames, cum possit honestius illic 10 

et tremere et sordes farris mordere canini ? 

Primo fige loco, quod tu discumbere jussus 
mercedem solidam veterum capis officiorum. 
fructus amicitiae magnae cibus ; inputat hunc rex, 
et quamvis rarum tamen inputat. ergo duos post 15 
si libuit menses neglectum adhibere clientem, 
tertia ne vacuo cessaret culcita lecto, 
' una simus ' ait. votorum summa ! quid ultra 
quaeris? habet Trebius, propter quod rumpere somnum 
debeat et ligulas dimittere, sollicitus ne 20 

tota salutatrix jam turba peregerit orbem, 
sideribus dubiis, aut illo tempore quo se 
frigida circumagunt pigri serraca Bootae. 

Qualis cena tamen ? vinum, quod sucida nolit 
lana pati : de con viva Corybanta videbis. 25 

jurgia proludunt ; sed mox et pocula torques 



SATVRA V. 37 

saucius et rubra deterges vulnera mappa, 

inter vos quotiens libertorumque cohortem 

pugna Saguntina fervet commissa lagona. 

ipse capillato diffusum consule potat 30 

calcatamque tenet bellis socialibus uvam, 

cardiaco numquam cyathuni missurus amico ; 

eras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus aut de 

Setinis, cujus patriam titulumque senectus 

delevit multa veteris fuligine testae, 35 

quale coronati Thrasea Helvidiusque bibebant 

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus. ipse capaces 

Heliadum crustas et inaequales berullo 

Virro tenet phialas : tibi non coniniittitur aurum, 

vel, si quando datur, custos adfixus ibidem, 40 

qui numeret gemmas, ungues observet acutos. 

da veniam : praeclara illi laudatur iaspis. 

nam Virro, ut multi, gemmas ad pocula transfert 

a digitis, quas in vaginae fronte solebat 

ponere zelotypo juvenis praelatus Iarbae : 45 

tu Beneventani sutoris nomen habentem 

siecabis calicem nasorum quattuor ac jam 

quassatum et rupto poscentem sulpura vitro. 

si stomachus domini fervet vinoque ciboque, 

frigidior Geticis petitur decocta pruinis : u 50 

non eadem vobis poni modo vina querebar ? 

vos aliam potatis aquam. tibi pocula cursor 

Gaetulus da bit aut nigri manus ossea Mauri, 

et cui per mediam nolis occurrere noctem, 

D 



38 D. rVXII IVYENALIS 

clivosae veheris dum per monumenta Latinae : 55 

flos Asiae ante ipsuni, pretio majore paratus 

quam fuit et Tulli census pugnacis et Anci 

et, ne te teneam, Konianorum omnia regum 

frivola. quod cum ita sit, tu Gaetulum Ganymedem 

respice, cum sities. nescit tot milibus emptus 60 

pauperibus miscere puer : sed forma, sed aetas 

digna supercilio. quando ad te pervenit ille ? 

quando rogatus adest calidae gelidaeque minister ? 

quippe indignatur veteri parere clienti, 

quodque aliquid poscas, et quod se stante recumbas. 65 

maxima quaeque domus servis est plena superbis. 

ecce alius quanto porrexit murmure panem 

vix fractum, solidae jam mucida frusta farinae, 

quae genuinum agitent, non admittentia morsum : 

sed tener et niveus mollique siligine factus 70 

servatur domino, dextram cohibere memento, 

salva sit artoptae reverentia ! finge tamen te 

inprobulum, superest illic qui j>onere cogat : 

6 vis tu consuetis audax conviva canistris 

impleri panisque tui novisse colorem ? ' 75 

" scilicet hoc fuerat, propter quod saepe relicta 

conjuge per montem adversum gelidasque cucurri 

Esquilias, fremeret saeva cum grand ine vermis 

Juppiter et multo stillaret paenula nimbo ! " 

aspice, quam longo distinguat pectore lancem, 80 

quae fertur domino squilla, et quibus undique saepta 

asparagis qua despiciat convivia cauda, 



SATVRA V. 39 

dum venit excelsi manibus sublata ministri : 

sed tibi dimidio constrictus cammarus ovo 

ponitur, exigua feralis cena patella. 85 

ipse Venafrano piscem perfundit ; at hie qui 

pallidus affertur misero tibi caulis olebit 

lanternam : illud enim vestris datur alveolis, quod 

canna Micipsarum prora subvexit acuta, 

propter quod Komae cum Boccare nemo lavatur, 90 

[quod tutos etiam facit a serpentibus atris.] 

mull us erit domini, quern misit Corsica vel quern 

Tauromenitanae rupes, quando omne peractum est 

et jam defecit nostrum mare, dum gula saevit, 

retibus assiduis penitus scrutante macello 95 

proxima, nee patimur Tyrrhenum crescere piscem. 

instruit ergo focum provincia, sumitur illinc 

quod captator emat Laenas, Aurelia vendat. 

Virroni muraena datur, quae maxima venit 

gurgite de Siculo ; nam dum se continet Auster, 100 

dum sedet et siccat madidas in carcere pinnas, 

contemnunt mediam temeraria lina Charybdim : 

vos anguilla manet, longae cognata colubrae, 

aut glacie aspersus maculis Tiberinus, et ipse 

vernula riparum, pinguis torrente cloaca, 105 

et solitus mediae cryptam penetrare Suburae. 

Ipsi pauca velim, facilem si praebeat aurem. 
' nemo petit, modicis quae mittebantur amicis 
a Seneca, quae Piso bonus, quae Cotta solebat 
largiri ; (nam que et titulis et fascibus olim 110 



40 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

major habebatur donandi gloria :) solum 
poscimus, ut cenes civiliter ; hoc face et esto, 
esto, ut nunc multi, dives tibi, pauper amicis.' 

Anseris ante ipsum magni jecur, anseribus par 
altilis, et flavi dignus ferro Meleagri 115 

fumat aper ; post hunc tradentur tubera, si ver 
tunc erit et facient optata tonitrua cenas 
majores. 'tibi habe frumentum,' Aliedius inquit, 
' o Libye, disjunge boves, dum tubera mittas/ 
structorem interea, ne qua indignatio desit, 120 

saltantem spectes et chironomunta volanti 
cultello, donee peragat dictata magistri 
omnia ; nee minimo sane discrimine refert, 
quo gestu lepores et quo gallina secetur. 

Duceris planta, velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus, 125 
et ponere foris, si quid temptaveris umquam 
hiscere, tamquam habeas tria nomina. quando propinat 
Virro tibi sumitve tuis contacta labellis 
pocula ? quis vestrum temerarius usque adeo, quis 
perditus, ut dicat regi c bibe?' plurima sunt, quae 130 
non audent homines pertusa dicere laena ; 
quadringenta tibi si quis deus aut similis dis 
et melior fatis donaret homuncio, quantiis 
ex nihilo, quantus fieres Virronis amicus ! 
* da Trebio ! pone ad Trebium ! vis, frater, ab ipsis 135 
ilibus ? ' o nummi, vobis hunc praestat honorem, 
vos estis fratres ! dominus tamen et domini rex 
si vis tu fieri, nullus tibi parvolus aula 



SATVRA V. 41 

luserit Aeneas nee filia dulcior illo : 

jucundum et carum sterilis facit uxor amicum. 140 

set tua nunc Mygale pariat licet et pueros tres 

in gremium patris fundat simul, ipse loquaci 

gaudebit nido, viridem thoraca jubebit 

adferri minimasque nuces assemque rogatum, 

ad mensani quotiens parasitus venerit infans. 145 

Vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis, 
boletus domino, set quales Claudius edit 
ante ilium uxoris, post quern nil amplius edit. 
Virro sibi et reliquis Virronibus ilia jubebit 
poma dari, quorum solo pascaris odore, 150 

qualia perpetuus Phaeacum autumnus habebat, 
credere quae possis subrepta sororibus Afris ; 
tu scabie frueris mali, quod in aggere rodit 
qui tegitur parma et galea metuensque flagelli 
discit ab hirsuta jaculum torquere capella. 155 

Forsitan impensae Virronem parcere credas ; 

hoc agit, ut doleas ; nam quae comoedia, mimus 

quis melior plorante gula ? ergo omnia fiunt, 

si nescis, ut per lacrimas effundere bilem 

cogaris pressoque diu stridere molari. 160 

tu tibi liber homo et regis conviva videris : 

captum te nidore suae putat ille culinae, 

nee male conjectat ; quis enim tarn nudus, ut ilium 

bis ferat, Etruscum puero si contigit aurum 

vel nodus tan turn et signum de paupere loro ? 165 

spes bene cenandi vos decipit : ' ecce dabit jam 

D2 



42 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

semesum leporem atque aliquid de clunibus apri, 

ad nos jam veniet minor altilis ; ' inde parato 

intactoque omnes et stricto pane tacetis. 

ille sapit, qui te sic utitur. omnia ferre 170 

si potes, et debes : pulsandum vertice raso 

praebebis quandoque caput, nee dura timebis 

flagra pati, his epulis et tali dignus amico ! 

VII. 

Et spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum : 
solus enim tristes hac tempestate Camenas 
respexit, cum jam celebres notique poetae 
balneolum Gabiis, Romae conducere furnos 
temptarent, nee foedum alii nee turpe putarent 5 

praecones fieri, cum desertis Aganippes 
vallibus esuriens migraret in atria Clio, 
nam si Pieria quadrans tibi nullus in umbra 
ostendatur, ames nomen victumque Machaerae, 
et vendas potius, commissa quod auctio vendit 10 

stantibus, oenophorum, tripodes, armaria, cistas, 
Alcithoen Pacci, Thebas et Terea Fausti. 
hoc satius, quam si dicas sub judice ' vidi,' 
quod non vidisti ; faciant equites Asiani 
quamquam et Cappadoces, faciant equites Bithyni, 15 
altera quos nudo traducit Gallia talo. 
nemo tamen studiis indignum ferre laborem 
cogetur posthac, nectit quicumque canoris 
eloquium vocale modis laurumque momordit. 



SATVRA VII. 43 

hoc agite, o juvenes ! circumspicit et stimulat vos 20 

materiamque sibi ducis indulgentia quaerit. 

si qua aliunde putas rerum exspectanda tuarum 

praesidia, atque ideo crocea niembrana tabella 

impletur, lignorum aliquid posce ocius, et quae 

componis dona Veneris, Telesine, marito ; 25 

aut elude et positos tinea pertunde libellos. 

frange miser calamos vigilataque proelia dele, 

qui facis in parva sublimia carmina cella, 

ut dignus venias hederis et imagine macra. 

spes nulla ulterior : didicit jam dives avarus 30 

tantum admirari, tantum laudare disertos, 

ut pueri Junonis avem. sed defluit aetas 

et pelagi patiens et cassidis atque ligonis. 

taedia tunc subeunt animos, tunc seque suamque 

Terpsichoren odit facunda et nuda senectus. 35 

Accipe nunc artes. ne quid tibi conferat iste, 
quern colis et Musarum et Apollinis aede relicta, 
ipse facit versus atque uni cedit Homero 
propter mille annos ; et si dulcedine famae 
succensus recites, maculosas commodat aedes : 40 

haec longe ferrata domus servire jubetur, 
in qua sollicitas imitatur janua portas. 
scit dare libertos extrema in parte sedentis 
ordinis et magnas comitum disponere voces ; 
nemo dabit regum quanti subsellia constant 45 

et quae conducto pendent anabathra tigillo 
quaeque reportandis posita est orchestra cathedris. 



44 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

nos tamen hoc agimus, tenuique in pulvere sulcos 

ducimus, et litus sterili versamus aratro. 

nam si discedas, laqueo tenet ambitiosi 50 

consuetudo mali, tenet insanabile multos 

scribendi cacoethes et aegro in corde senescit. 

sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena, 

qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, nee qui 

communi feriat carmen triviale moneta, 55 

hunc, qualem nequeo monstrare et sentio tantum, 

anxietate carens animus facit, omnis acerbi 

impatiens, cupidus silvarum aptusque bibendis 

fontibus Aonidum. neque enim cantare sub antro 

Pierio thyrsumque potest contingere maesta 60 

paupertas atque aeris inops, quo nocte dieque 

corpus eget. satur est, cum dicit Horatius ' euhoe ! ' 

qui locus ingenio, nisi cum se carmine solo 

vexant et dominis Cirrae Nysaeque feruntur 

pectora vestra, duas non admittentia curas ? 65 

magnae mentis opus nee de lodice paranda 

attonitae, currus et equos faciesque deorum 

aspicere et qualis Rutulum confundat Erinys. 

nam si Vergilio puer et tolerabile desset 

hospitium, caderent omnes a crinibus hydri, 70 

surda nihil gemeret grave bucina. poscimus, ut sit 

non minor antiquo Kubrenus Lappa cothurno, 

cujus et alveolos et laenam pignerat Atreus? 

non habet infelix Numitor quod mittat amico, 

Quintillae quod donet habet, nee defuit illi 75 



SATVRA VII. 45 

unde emeret multa pascendum carne leonem 

jam domitum : constat leviori belua sumptu 

nimirum, et capiunt plus intestina poetae. 

contentus fama jaceat Lucanus in hortis 

marmoreis ; at Serrano tenuique Saleio 80 

gloria quantalibet quid erit, si gloria tan turn est ? 

curritur ad vocem jucundam et carmen amicae 

Thebaidos, laetam cum fecit Statius urbem 

promisitque diem : tanta dulcedine captos 

adficit ille animos, tantaque libidine volgi 85 

auditur ; sed cum fregit subsellia versu, 

esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven. 

ille et militiae multis largitus honorem 

semenstri digitos vatum circumligat auro. 

quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio. tu Camerinos 90 

et Baream, tu nobilium magna atria curas ? 

praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos. 

haut tamen invideas vati, quern pulpita pascunt. 

quis tibi Maecenas, quis nunc erit aut Proculeius 

aut Fabius, quis Cotta iterum, quis Lentulus alter ? 95 

tunc par ingenio pretium ; tunc utile multis 

pallere et vinum toto nescire Decembri. 

Vester porro labor fecundior, historiarum 
scriptores ? petit hie plus temporis atque olei plus, 
nullo quippe modo millensima pagina surgit 100 

omnibus et crescit multa damnosa papyro ; 
sic ingens rerum numerus jubet atque operum lex. 
quae tamen inde seges, terrae quis fructus apertae ? 



46 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

quis dabit historico, quantum daret acta legenti ? 

' Sed genus ignavum, quod lecto gaudet et umbra/ 105 
die igitur, quid causidicis civilia praestent 
officia et magno eomites in fasce libelli ? 
ipsi magna sonant, sed turn cum creditor audit 
praecipue, vel si tetigit latus acrior illo, 
qui venit ad dubium grandi cum codice nomen. 110 

tunc immensa cavi spirant mendacia folles 
conspuiturque sinus : veram depraendere messem 
si libet, hinc centum patrimonia causidicorum, 
parte alia solum russati pone Lacernae. 
consedere duces, surgis tu pallidus Ajax, 115 

dicturus dubia pro libertate, bubulco 
judice. rumpe miser tensum jecur, ut tibi lasso 
figantur virides, scalarum gloria, palmae. 
quod vocis pretium ? siccus petasunculus et vas 
pelamydum, aut veteres, Maurorum epimenia, bulbi, 120 
aut vinum Tiberi devectum, quinque lagonae. 
si quater egisti, si contigit aureus unus, 
inde cadunt partes ex foedere pragmaticorum. 
Aemilio dabitur quantum licet, et melius nos 
egimus ; hujus enim stat currus aeneus, alti 125 

quadrijuges in vestibulis, atque ipse feroci 
bellatore sedens curvatum hastile minatur 
eminus, et statua meditatur proelia lusca. 
sic Pedo conturbat, Matho deficit ; exitus hie est 
Tongilii, magno cum rhinocerote lavari 130 

qui solet, et vexat lutulenta balnea turba, 



SATVKA VII. 47 

perque forum juvenes longo prerait assere Maedos, 

empturus pueros, argentum, murrina, villas ; 

spondet enim Tyrio stlattaria purpura filo. 

et tamen est illis hoc utile ; purpura vendit 135 

causidicum, vendunt amethystina ; convenit illis 

et strepitu et facie majoris vivere census. 

[sed finem inpensae non servat prodiga Rorna.] 

fidimus eloquio ? Ciceroni nemo ducentos 

nunc dederit nummos, nisi fulserit anulus ingens. 140 

respicit haec primum qui litigat, an tibi servi 

octo, decern comites, an post te sella, togati 

ante pedes, ideo conducta Paulus agebat 

sardonyche, atque ideo pluris quam Gallus agebat, 

quam Basilus. rara in tenui facundia panno. 145 

quando licet Basilo flentem producere matrem? 

quis bene dicentem Basilum ferat ? accipiat te 

Gallia, vel potius nutricula causidicorum 

Africa, si placuit mercedem ponere linguae. 

Declamare doces? o ferrea pectora Vetti, 150 

cui perimit saevos classis numerosa tyrannos ! 
nam quaecumque sedens modo legerat, haec eadem stans 
perferet atque eadem cantabit versibus isdem ; 
occidit miseros crambe repetita magistros. 
quis color et quod sit causae genus atque ubi summa 155 
quaestio, quae veniant diversae forte sagittae, 
nosse velint omnes, mercedem solvere nemo, 
'mercedem appellas? quid enim scio ? ' " culpa docentis 
scilicet arguitur, quod laeva parte mamillae 



48 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

nil salit Arcadico juveni, cujus mihi sexta 160 

quaque die miserum dims caput Annibal implet ; 

quidquid id est, de quo deliberat, an petat urbem 

a Cannis, an post nimbos et fulmina cautus 

circumagat madidas a tempestate cohortes. 

quantum vis stipulare, et protinus accipe, quod do, 165 

ut totiens ilium pater audiat." haec alii sex 

vel plures uno conclamant ore sophistae, 

et veras agitant lites raptore relicto ; 

fusa venena silent, malus ingratusque maritus, 

et quae jam veteres sanant mortaria caecos. 170 

ergo sibi dabit ipse rudem, si nostra movebunt 

consilia, et vitae diversum iter ingredietur, 

ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra, 

summula ne pereat, qua vilis tessera venit 

frumenti: quippe haec merces lautissima. tempta, 175 

Chrysogonus quanti doceat vel Polio quanti 

lautorum pueros : artem scindes Theodori. 

balnea sescentis, et pluris porticus, in qua 

gestetur dominus, quotiens pluit — anne serenum 

exspectet spargatque luto jumenta recenti? 180 

[hie potius, namque hie mundae nitet ungula mulae.] 

parte alia longis Numidarum fulta columnis 

surgat et algentem rapiat cenatio solem. 

quanticumque domus, veniet qui fercula docte 

conponat, veniet qui plumentaria condiat. 185 

hos inter sumptus sestertia Quintiliano, 

ut multum, duo sufficient : res nulla minoris 



SATVRA VII. 49 

constabit patri quam filius. ' unde igitur tot 

Quintilianus habet saltus ? ' exempla novorum 

fatorum trausi : felix et pulcher et acer, 190 

felix et sapiens et nobilis et generosus 

adpositam uigrae lunam subtexit alutae ; 

felix orator quoque maximus et jaculator, 

et, si perfrixit, cantat bene, distat enim, quae 

sidera te excipiant modo primos incipientem 195 

edere vagitus et adhuc a matre rubentem. 

si Fortuna volet, fies de rhetore consul ; 

si volet haec eadem, fies de consule rhetor. 

Ventidius quid enim ? quid Tullius ? anne aliud quam 

sidus et occulti miranda potentia fati ? 200 

servis regna dabunt, captivis fata triumphum. 

felix ille tamen corvo quoque rarior albo. 

paenituit multos vanae sterilisque cathedrae, 

sicut Tharsymachi probat exitus atque Secundi 

Carrinatis : et hunc inopem vidistis, Athenae, 205 

nil praeter gelidas ausae conferre cicutas. 

di, majorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram 

spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver, 

qui praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis 

esse loco ! metuens virgae jam grandis Achilles 210 

cantabat patriis in montibus et cui non tunc 

eliceret risum citharoedi cauda magistri ; 

sed Rufum atque alios caedit sua quemque juventus, 

Rufum, quern totiens Ciceronem Allobroga dixit. 

Quis gremio Celadi doctique Palaemonis adfert 215 
4— Juv. E 



50 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

quantum grammatieus meruit labor ? et tamen ex hoc 

quodcumque est (minus est autem quam rhetoris aera) 

discipuli custos praemordet acoenonetus, 

et qui dispensat, franget sibi. cede, Palaemon, 

et patere inde aliquid decrescere, non aliter quam 220 

institor hibernae tegetis niveique cadurci : 

dummodo non pereat, mediae quod noctis ab hora 

sedisti, qua nemo faber, qua nemo sederet, 

qui docet obliquo lanam deducere ferro ; 

dummodo non pereat, totidem olfecisse lucernas, 225 

quot stabant pueri, cum totus decolor esset 

Flaccus et haereret nigro fuligo Maroni. 

rara tamen merces, quae cognitione tribuni 

non egeat. sed vos saevas inponite leges, 

ut praeceptori verborum regula constet, 230 

ut legat historias, auctores noverit omnes 

tamquam ungues digitosque suos, ut forte rogatus, 

dum petit aut thermas aut Phoebi balnea, dicat 

nutricem Anchisae, nomen patriamque novercae 

Anchemoli, dicat quot Acestes vixerit annis, 235 

quot Siculi Phrygibus vini donaverit urnas. 

exigite ut mores teneros ceu pollice ducat, 

ut si quis cera voltum facit ; exigite ut sit 

et pater ipsius coetus, ne turpia ludant. 

' haec,' inquit, ' cura ; set cum se verterit annus, 240 

accipe, victori populus quod postulat, aurum/ 




SATVRA VIII. 51 



VIIL 



Stemmata quid faciunt ? quid prodest, Pontice, longo 

sanguine censeri, pictos ostendere vultus 

majoruru, et stantis in curribus Aemilianos, 

et Curios jam dimidios, unierosque minorem 

Corvinum, et Galbam auriculis nasoque carentem ? 5 

quis fructus, generis tabula jactare capaci 

[Corvinum, posthac multa contingere virgaj 

fumosos equitum cum dictatore magistros, 

si coram Lepidis male vivitur ? effigies quo 

tot bellatoruin, si luditur alea pernox 10 

ante Numantinos, si dormire incipis ortu 

luciferi, quo signa duces et castra movebant ? 

cur Allobrogicis et magna gaudeat ara 

natus in Herculeo Fabius lare, si cupidus, si 

vanus et Euganea quantumvis mollior agna, 15 

si tenerum attritus Catinensi pumice lumbum 

squalentis traducit avos, emptorque veneni 

frangenda miseram funestat imagine gentem ? 

tota licet veteres exornent undique cerae 

atria, nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus. 20 

Paulus vel Cossus vel Drusus moribus esto ; 

hos ante effigies majorum pone tuorum, 

praecedant ipsas illi te consule virgas. 

prima mihi debes animi bona, sanctus haberi 

justitiaeque tenax factis dictisque mereris, 25 

adgnosco procerem : salve, Gaetulice, seu tu 



52 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

Silanus. quocumque alio de sanguine rarus 
civis et egregius patriae contingis ovanti, 
exclamare libet, populus quod clamat Osiri 
invento. quis enim generosum dixerit hunc, qui 30 

indignus genere et praeclaro nomine tantum 
,insignis ? nanum cujusdam Atlanta vocamus, 
Aethiopem Cycnum, parvam extortamque puellam 
Europen ; canibus pigris scabieque vetusta 
levibus et siccae lambentibus ora lucernae 35 

nomen erit pardus, tigris, leo, si quid adhuc est 
quod fremat in terris violentius. ergo cavebis 
et metues, ne tu sic Creticus aut Camerinus. 

His ego quern monui ? tecum est mihi sermo, Rubelli 
Blande. tumes alto Drusorum stemmate, tamquam 40 
feceris ipse aliquid, propter quod nobilis esses, 
ut te conciperet quae sanguine fulget Iuli, 
non quae ventoso conducta sub aggere texit. 
' vos humiles/ inquis, ' vulgi pars ultima nostri, 
quorum nemo queat patriam monstrare parentis : 45 

ast ego Cecropides.' vivas et originis hujus 
gaudia longa feras ! tamen ima plebe Quiritem 
facundum invenies ; solet hie defendere causas 
nobilis indocti ; veniet de plebe togata, 
qui juris nodos et legum aenigmata sol vat. 50 

hie petit Euphraten juvenis domitique Batavi 
custodes aquilas, armis industrius : at tu 
nil nisi Cecropides truncoque simillimus Hermae. 
nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine, quam quod 



SATVRA VIII. 53 

illi marmoreum caput est, tua vivit imago. 55 

die nrihi, Teucrorum proles, animalia muta 

quis generosa putet, nisi fortia ? nempe volucrem 

sic laudamus equum, facili cui plurima palma 

fervet et exultat rauco victoria circo. 

nobilis hie, quocumque venit de gramine, cujus 60 

clara fuga ante alios et primus in aequore pulvis ; 

sed venale pecus Coryphaei posteritas et 

Hirpini, si rara jugo Victoria sedit. 

nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla 

umbrarum ; dominos pretiis mutare jubentur 65 

exiguis, trito ducunt epiredia collo 

segnipedes dignique molam versare Nepotis. 

ergo ut miremur te, non tua, privum aliquid da, 

quod possim titulis incidere praeter honores, 

quos illis damus ac dedimus, quibus omnia debes. 70 

Haec satis ad juvenem, quern nobis fama superbum 

tradit et inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo. 

rarus enim ferme sensus communis in ilia 

fortuna ; sed te censeri laude tuorum, 

Pontice, noluerim sic ut nihil ipse futurae 75 

laudis agas. miserum est aliorum incumbere famae, 

ne conlapsa ruant subductis tecta columnis. 

stratus humi palmes viduas desiderat ulmos. 

esto bonus miles, tutor bonus, arbiter idem 

integer, ambiguae si quando citabere testis 80 

incertaeque rei, Phalaris licet imperet ut sis 

falsus et admoto dictet perjuria tauro, 

E2 



54 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori 

et propter vitani vivendi perdere causas. 

dignus morte perit, cenet licet ostrea centum 85 

Gaurana et Cosmi toto mergatur aeno. 

expectata diu tandern provincia cum te 

rectorem accipiet, pone irae frena modumque, 

pone et avaritiae, miserere inopum sociorum : 

ossa vides regum vacuis exucta medullis. 90 

respice, quid moneant leges, quid curia mandet, 

praemia quanta bonos maneant, quam fulmine justo 

et Capito et Numitor ruerint, damnante senatu, 

piratae Cilicum. sed quid damnatio confert? 

praeconem, Chaerippe, tuis circumspice pannis, 95 

cum Pansa eripiat, quidquid tibi Natta reliquit, 

jamque tace ; furor est post omnia perdere naulon. 

non idem gemitus olim neque vulnus erat par 

damnorum sociis florentibus et modo victis. 

plena domus tunc omnis, et ingens stabat acervos 100 

nummorum, Spartana chlamys, conchylia Coa, 

et cum Parrasii tabulis signisque Myronis 

Phidiacum vivebat ebur, nee non Polycliti 

multus ubique labor, rarae sine Mentore mensae. 

inde Dolabellae atque hinc Antonius, inde 105 

sacriiegus Verres referebant navibus altis 

occulta spolia et plures de pace triumph os. 

nunc sociis juga pauca bourn ; grex parvus equarum 

et pater armenti capto eripietur agello, 

ipsi deinde lares, si quod spectabile signum, 110 



SATVRA VIII. 55 

[si quis in aedicula deus unicus. haec etenim sunt 

pro summis, nam sunt haec maxima, despicias tu] 

forsitan inbellis Rhodios unctamque Corinthon, 

despicias merito ; quid resinata juventus 

cruraque totius facient tibi levia gentis? 115 

horrida vitanda est Hispania, Gallicus axis 

Illyricumque latus ; parce et messoribus illis, 

qui saturant urbem circo scenaeque vacantem. 

quanta autem inde feres tarn dirae praemia culpae, 

cum tenues nuper Marius discinxerit Afros? 120 

curandum in primis, ne magna injuria fiat 

fortibus et miseris. tollas licet omne quod usquam est 

auri atque argenti, scutum gladiumque relinques 

[et jaculum et galeam : spoliatis arma supersunt]. 

quod modo proposui, non est sententia, verum est ; 125 

credite me vobis folium recitare Sibyllae. 

si tibi sancta cohors comitum, si nemo tribunal 

vendit acersecomes, si nullum in conjuge crimen, 

nee per conventus et cuncta per oppida curvis 

unguibus ire parat nummos raptura Celaeno, 130 

tu licet a Pico numeres genus, altaque si te 

nomina delectant, omnem Titanida pugnam 

inter majores ipsumque Promethea ponas : 

de quocumque voles proavum tibi sumito libro. 

quod si praecipitem rapit ambitio atque libido, 135 

si frangis virgas sociorum in sanguine, si te 

delectant hebetes lasso lictore secures, 

incipit ipsorum contra te stare parentum 



56 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

nobilitas claramque facem praeferre pudendis. 

omne animi vitium tanto conspectius in se 140 

crimen habet, quanto major qui peccat habetur. 

quo mihi te solitum falsas signare tabellas 

in templis quae fecit avus statuamque parentis 

ante triumphalem ? quo, si nocturnus adulter 

tempora Santonico velas adoperta cucullo ? 145 

Praeter majorum cineres atque ossa volucri 
carpento rapitur pinguis Lateranus, et ipse, 
ipse rotam astringit multo sufflamine consul, 
nocte quidem, sed luna videt, sed sidera testes 
intendunt oculos. finitum tempus honoris 150 

cum fuerit, clara Lateranus luce flagellum 
sumet et occursum numquam trepidabit amici 
jam senis, ac virga prior annuet atque maniplos 
solvet et infundet jumentis hordea lassis. 
interea, dum lanatas robumque juvencum 155 

more Numae caedit Jo vis ante altaria, jurat 
solam Eponam et facies olida ad praesepia pictas. 
sed cum pervigiles placet instaurare popinas, 
obvius adsiduo Syrophoenix udus amomo 
[currit, Idumaeae Syrophoenix incola portae,] 160 

hospitis adfectu dominum regemque salutat, 
et cum venali Cyane succincta lagona. 
defensor culpae dicat mihi i fecimus et nos 
haec juvenes.' esto. desisti nempe, nee ultra 
fovisti errorem. breve sit, quod turpiter audes ; 165 
quaedam cum prima resecentur crimina barba ; 



SATVRA VIII. 57 

indulge veniam pueris. Lateranus ad illos 

thermarum calices inscriptaque lintea vadit 

maturus bello Armeniae Syriaeque tuendis 

amnibus et Rheno atque Histro ; praestare Neronem 170 

securuni valet haec aetas. mitte Ostia, Caesar, 

mitte, sed in magna legatum quaere popina ; 

invenies aliquo cum percussore jacentem, 

permixtum nautis et furibus ac fugitivis, 

inter carnifices et fabros sandapilarum 175 

et resupinati cessantia tympana galli. 

aequa ibi libertas, communia pocula, lectus 

non alius cuiquam, nee mensa remotior ulli. 

quid facias talem sortitus, Pontice, servum ? 

nempe in Lucanos aut Tusca ergastula mittas. 180 

at vos, Trojugenae, vobis ignoscitis, et quae 

turpia cerdoni, Volesos Brutumque decebunt. 

Quid, si numquam adeo foedis adeoque pudendis 
utimur exemplis, ut non pejora supersint? 
consumptis opibus vocem, Damasippe, locasti 185 

sipario, clamosum ageres ut Phasma Catulli. 
Laureolum velox etiam bene Lentulus egit, 
judice me dignus vera cruce. nee tamen ipsi 
ignoscas populo : populi frons clurior hujus, 
qui sedet et spectat triscurria patriciorum, 190 

planipedes audit Fabios, ridere potest qui 
Mamercorum alapas. quanti sua funera vendant, 
quid refert ? vendunt nullo cogente Nerone, 
nee dubitant celsi praetoris vendere ludis. 



58 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

finge tamen gladios inde atque hinc pulpita poni, 195 

quid satius ? mortem sic quisquam exhorruit, ut sit 

zelotypus Thymeles, stupidi collega Corinthi ? 

res haut mira tamen citharoedo principe mimus 

nobilis. haec ultra quid erit nisi ludus ? et illic 

dedecus urbis habes, nee myrmillonis in armis, 200 

nee clipeo Gracchum pugnantem aut falce supina. 

damnat enim tales habitus, et damnat et odit, 

nee galea faciem abscondit. movet ecce tridentem, 

postquam vibrata pendentia retia dextra 

nequiquam effudit, nudum ad spectacula voltum 205 

erigit, et tota fugit agnoscendus harena. 

credamus tunicae, de faucibus aurea cum se 

porrigat et longo jactetur spira galero ? 

ergo ignominiam graviorem pertulit omni 

vulnere cum Graccho jussus pugnare secutor. 210 

Libera si dentur populo suffragia, quis tarn 
perditus, ut dubitet Senecam praeferre Neroni, 
cujus supplicio non debuit una parari 
simia nee serpens unus nee culleus unus ? 
par Agamemnonidae crimen, sed causa facit rem 215 
dissimilem : quippe ille deis auctoribus ultor 
patris erat caesi media inter pocula ; sed nee 
Electrae jugulo se polluit aut Spartani 
sanguine conjugii, nullis aconita propinquis 
miscuit, in scena numquam cantavit Orestes, 220 

Troica non scripsit. quid enim Verginius armis 
debuit ulcisci magis, aut cum Vindice Galba, 



SATVRA VIII. 59 

quod Nero tarn saeva crudaque tyrannide fecit ? 
haec opera atque hae sunt generosi principis artes, 
gaudentis foedo peregrina ad pulpita cantu 225 

prostitui Graiaeque apium meruisse coronae. 
majorum effigies habeant insignia vocis, 
ante pedes Domiti longum tu pone Thyestae 
syrma vel Antigones aut personam Menalippes, 
et de marmoreo citharam suspende colosso. 230 

Quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi 
inveniet quisquam sublimius ? arma tamen vos 
nocturna et flammas domibus templisque paratis, 
ut Bracatorum pueri Senonumque minores, 
ausi quod liceat tunica punire molesta. 235 

sed vigilat consul vexillaque vestra coercet. 
hie novus Arpinas, ignobilis et modo Romae 
municipals eques, galeatum ponit ubique 
praesidium attonitis et in omni monte laborat. 
tantum igitur muros intra toga contulit illi 240 

nominis ac tituli, quantum vix Leucade, quantum 
Thessaiiae campis Octavius abstulit udo 
caedibus assiduis gladio ; set Roma parentem, 
Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit. 
Arpinas alius Volscorum in monte solebat 245 

poscere mercedes, alieno lassus aratro ; 
nodosam post haec frangebat vertice vitem, 
si lentus pigra muniret castra dolabra : 
hie tamen et Cimbros et summa pericula rerum 
excipit, et solus trepidantem protegit urbem ; 250 



60 D. IVNII IYVENALIS 

atque ideo, postquam ad Cimbros stragemque volabant 

qui numquam attigerant majora cadavera corvi, 

nobilis ornatur lauro collega secunda. 

plebeiae Deciorum animae, plebeia fuerunt 

nomina : pro totis legionibus hi tamen et pro 255 

omnibus auxiliis atque omni pube Latina 

sufficiunt dis infernis terraeque parenti ; 

pluris enim Decii, quam quae servantur ab illis. 

ancilla natus trabeam et diadema Quirini 

et fasces meruit, regum ultimus ille bonorum. 260 

prodita laxabant portarum claustra tyrannis 

exulibus juvenes ipsius consulis et quos 

magnum aliquid dubia pro libertate deceret, 

quod miraretur cum Coclite Mucius et quae 

imperii fines Tiberinum virgo natavit. 265 

occulta ad patres produxit crimina servus, 

matronis lugendus ; at illos verbera justis 

adficiunt poenis et legum prima securis. 

Malo pater tibi sit Thersites, dummodo tu sis 
Aeacidae similis Vulcaniaque arma capessas, 270 

quam te Thersitae similem producat Achilles, 
et tamen, ut longe repetas longeque revolvas 
nomen, ab infami gentem deducis asylo : 
majorum primus, quisquis fuit ille, tuorum, 
aut pastor fuit aut illud quod dicere nolo. 275 




SATVRA X. 61 



Omnibus in terris, quae sunt a Gadibus usque 
Auroram et Gangen, pauci dinoscere possunt 
vera bona atque illis multum di versa, remota 
erroris nebula, quid enim ratione timemus 
aut cupimus ? quid tarn dextro pede concipis, ut te 5 
conatus non paeniteat votique peracti ? 
evertere domos totas optantibus ipsis 
di faciles ; nocitura toga, nocitura petuntur 
militia ; torrens dicendi copia multis 
et sua mortifera est facundia ; viribus ille 10 

confisus periit admirandisque lacertis. 
sed plures nimia congesta pecunia cura 
strangulat et cuncta exuperans patrimonia census, 
quanto delphinis ballaena Britannica major, 
temporibus diris igitur jussuque Neronis 15 

Longinum et magnos Senecae praedivitis hortos 
clausit et egregias Lateranorum obsidet aedes 
tota cohors. rarus venit in cenacula miles, 
pauca licet portes argenti vascula puri, 
nocte iter ingressus gladium contumque timebis, 20 

et motae ad lunam trepidabis harundinis umbras : 
cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator, 
prima fere vota et cunctis notissima templis 
divitiae, crescant ut opes, ut maxima toto 
nostra sit area foro. sed nulla aconita bibuntur 25 

fictilibus ; tunc ilia time, cum pocula sumes 

F 



62 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

gemmata et lato Setinum ardebit in auro. 
jamne igitur laudas, quod de sapientibus alter 
ridebat, quotieus de limine moverat unum 
protuleratque pedem, flebat contrarius auctor ? 30 

sed facilis cuivis rigidi censura cachinni : 
mirandum est, unde ille oculis suffecerit umor. 
perpetuo risu pulmonem agitare solebat 
Democritus, quamquam non essent urbibus illis 
praetexta et trabeae, fasces, lectica, tribunal. 35 

quid si vidisset praetorem curribus altis 
exstantem, et medii sublimem pulvere circi 
in tunica Jovis, et pictae Sarrana ferentem 
ex umeris aulaea togae, magnaeque coronae 
tantum orbem quanto cervix non sufficit ulla ? 40 

quippe tenet sudans hanc publicus et, sibi consul 
ne placeat, curru servus portatur eodem. 
da nunc et volucrem, sceptro quae surgit eburno, 
illinc cornicines, hine praecedentia longi 
agminis officia et niveos ad frena Quirites, 45 

defossa in loculis quos sportula fecit amicos. 
turn quoque materiam risus invenit ad omnis 
occursus hominum, cujus prudentia monstrat 
summos posse viros et magna exempla daturos 
vervecum in patria crassoque sub aere nasci. 50 

ridebat curas, nee non et gaudia vulgi, 
interdum et lacrimas, cum Fortunae ipse minaci 
mandaret laqueum mediumque ostenderet unguem. 
Ergo supervacua aut vel perniciosa petuntur : 



SATVRA X. 63 

propter quae fas est genua incerare deorum. 55 

Quosdani praecipitat subjecta potentia magnae 
invidiae ; mergit longa atque insignis honorum 
pagina. descendunt statuae restenique sequuntur, 
ipsas deinde rotas bigarum inpacta securis 
caedit, et inmeritis frauguntur crura caballis : 60 

jam strident ignes, jam follibus atque caminis 
ardet adoratum populo caput, et crepat ingens 
Sejanus ; deinde ex facie to to orbe secunda 
fiunt urceoli, pelves, sartago, matellae. 
pone domi laurus, due in Capitolia magnum 65 

cretatumque bovem, Sejanus ducitur unco 
spectandus ! gaudent omnes. ' quae labra, quis illi 
vultus erat ! numquam, si quid mihi credis, amavi 
hunc hominem. sed quo cecidit sub crimine ? quisnam 
delator ? quibus indiciis, quo teste probavit ? ' 70 

" nil horum, verbosa et grandis epistula venit 
a Capreis." ' bene habet ; nil plus interrogo. sed quid 
turba Kemi?' "sequitur fortunam, ut semper, et odit 
damnatos; idem populus, si Nortia Tusco 
favisset, si oppressa foret secura senectus 75 

principis, hac ipsa Sejanum diceret hora 
Augustum. jam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli 
vendimus, effudit curas ; nam qui dabat olim 
imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se 
continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, 80 

panem et circenses." ' perituros audio multos.' 
" nil dubium, magna est fornacula." 'pallidulus mi 



64 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

Brutidius meus ad Martis fuit obvius aram. 

quam timeo, victus ne poenas exigat Ajax 

ut male defensus ! curramus praecipites et, 85 

dum jacet in ripa, calcemus Caesaris hostem. 

sed videant servi, ue quis neget et pavidum in jus 

cervice obstricta dominum trahat/ hi sermones 

tunc de Sejano, secreta haec murmura vulgi. 

visne salutari sicut Sejanus ? habere 90 

tantundem, atque illi summas donare curules, 

ilium exercitibus praeponere, tutor haberi 

pnncipis angusta Caprearum in rupe sedentis 

cum grege Chaldaeo ? vis certe pila, cohortes, 

egregios equites, et castra domestica ? quidni 95 

haec cupias ? et qui nolunt occidere quemquam, 

posse volunt. sed quae praeclara et prospera tanti, 

ut rebus laetis par sit mensura malorum ? 

hujus, qui trahitur, praetextam sumere mavis, 

an Fidenarum Gabiorumque esse potestas 100 

et de mensura jus dicere, vasa minora 

frangere, pannosus vacuis aedilis Ulubris? 

ergo quid optandum foret, ignorasse fateris 

Sejanum ; nam qui nimios optabat honores 

et nimias poscebat opes, numerosa parabat 105 

excelsae turris tabulata, unde altior esset 

casus et impulsae praeceps immane ruinae. 

quid Crassos, quid Pompeios evertit, et ilium 

ad sua qui domitos deduxit flagra Quirites ? 

summus nempe locus nulla non arte petitus, 110 



SATVRA X. 65 

magnaque numinibus vota exaudita malignis. 
ad generum Cereris sine caede ac vulnere pauci 
descendunt reges et sicca morte tyranni. 

Eloquium ac famam Demosthenis aut Ciceronis 
incipit optare et totis quinquatribus optat, 115 

quisquis adhuc uno parcam colit asse Minervam, 
quern sequitur custos angustae vernula capsae. 
eloquio sed uterque perit orator, utrumque 
largus et exundans leto dedit ingenii fons. 
ingenio manus est et cervix caesa, nee uinquam 120 

sanguine causidici maduerunt rostra pusilli. 
1 o fortunatam natam me consule Romam ! ' 
Antoni gladios potuit contemnere, si sic 
omnia dixisset. ridenda poemata malo, 
quam te conspicuae, divina Philippica, famae, 125 

volveris a prima quae proxima. saevus et ilium 
exitus eripuit, quern mirabantur Athenae 
torrentem et pleni moderantem frena theatri : 
dis ille adversis genitus fatoque sinistro, 
quern pater ardentis massae fuligine lippus 130 

a carbone et forcipibus gladiosque parante 
incude et luteo Vulcano ad rhetora misit. 

Bellorum exuviae, truncis adfixa tropaeis 

lorica, et fracta de casside buccula pendens, 

et curtum temone jugum, victaeque triremis 135 

aplustre, et summo tristis captivos in arcu, 

humanis majora bonis creduntur. ad hoc se 

Romanus Graiusque et barbarus induperator 
5 — Juv. F2 



66 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

erexit : causas discriminis atque laboris 

inde habuit. tanto major famae sitis est quam 140 

virtutis ; quis enim virtutem ainplectitur ipsam, 

praemia si tollas ? patriam tamen obruit olim 

gloria paucorum et laudis titulique cupido 

haesuri saxis cinerum custodibus, ad quae 

discutienda valent sterilis mala robora fici, 145 

quandoquidem data sunt ipsis quoque fata sepulchris. 

expende Hannibalem, quot libras in duce summo 

invenies ? hie est, quern non capit Africa Mauro 

percussa Oceano Niloque admota tepenti, 

rursus ad Aethiopum populos altosque elephantos. 150 

additur imperiis Hispania, Pyrenaeum 

transilit. opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque, 

diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto. 

jam tenet Italiam, tamen ultra pergere tendit. 

' actum/ in quit, ' nihil est, nisi Poeno milite portas 155 

frangimus et media vexillum pono Subura.' 

o qualis facies et quali digna tabella, 

cum Gaetula ducem portaret belua luscum ! 

exitus ergo quis est ? o gloria ! vincitur idem 

nempe et in exilium praeceps fugit atque ibi magnus 160 

mirandusque cliens sedet ad praetoria regis, 

donee Bithyno libeat vigilare tyranno. 

finem animae, quae res humanas miscuit olim, 

non gladii, non saxa dabunt, nee tela, sed ille 

Cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor 165 

anulus. i, demens, et saevas curre per Alpes, 



SATVRA X. 67 

ufc pueris placeas et declamatio fias! 

unus Pellaeo juveni non sufficit orbis, 

aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi, 

ut Gyari clausus scopulis parvaque Seripho ; 170 

cum tamen a figulis munitam intraverit urbem, 

sarcophago contentus erit. mors sola fatetur, 

quantula sint hominum corpuscula. creditur olim 

velificatus Athos et quidquid Graecia mendax 

audet in historia, constratum classibus isdem 175 

suppositumque rotis solidum mare credimus, altos 

defecisse amnes epotaque flumina Medo 

prandente, et madidis cantat quae Sostratus alis. 

ille tamen qualis rediit Salamine relicta, 

in Corum atque Eurum solitus saevire flagellis 180 

barbarus, Aeolio numquam hoc in carcere passos, 

ipsum compedibus qui vinxerat Ennosigaeum — 

mitius id sane, quod non et stigmate dignum 

credidit. huic quisquam vellet servire deorum ! — 

sed qualis rediit? nempe una nave, cruentis 185 

fluctibus, ac tarda per densa cadavera prora. 

has totiens optata exegit gloria poenas ! 

' Da spatium vitae, multos da, Juppiter, annos ! ' 
hoc recto vultu, solum hoc et pallidus optas. 
sed quam continuis et quantis longa senectus 190 

plena malis ! deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum 
dissimilemque sui, deformem pro cute pellem 
pendentisque genas et talis aspice rugas, 
quales, umbriferos ubi pandit Thabraca saltus, 



68 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

in vetula scalpit jam mater simia bucca. 195 

plurima sunt juvenum discrimina ; pulchrior ille 

hoc, atque ille alio, multum hie robustior illo ; 

una senum facies, cum voce trementia membra 

et jam leve caput madidique infantia nasi, 

frangendus misero gingiva panis inermi. 200 

usque adeo gravis uxori natisque sibique, 

ut captatori moveat fastidia Cosso. 

non eadem vini atque cibi torpente palato 203 

gaudia aspice partis 

nunc damnum alterius. nam quae can tan te voluptas, 210 

sit licet eximius citharoedus sitve Seleucus 

et quibus aurata mos est fulgere lacerna ? 

quid refert, magni sedeat qua parte theatri, 

qui vix cornicines exaudiet atque tubarum 

concentus? clamore opus est, ut sentiat auris, 215 

quern dicat venisse puer, quot nuntiet boras. 

praeterea minimus gelido jam in corpore sanguis 

febre calet sola ; circumsilit agmine facto 

morborum omne genus, quorum si nomina quaeras, 

promptius expediam, quot amaverit Oppia moechos 

quot Themison aegros autumno occiderit uno ; 221 

percurram citius, quot villas possideat nunc, 225 

quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat. 

ille umero, hie lumbis, hie coxa debilis ; ambos 

perdidit ille oculos et luscis invidet; hujus 

pallida labra cibum accipiunt digitis alienis, 

ipse ad conspectum cenae diducere rictum 230 



SATVRA X. 69 

suetus hiat tantum, ceu pullus hirundinis, ad quern 

ore volat pleno mater jejuna, sed omni 

membrorum damno major dementia, quae nee 

nomina servorum nee vultum agnoscit amici, 

cum quo praeterita cenavit nocte, nee illos, 235 

quos genuit, quos eduxit. nam codice saevo 

heredes vetat esse suos, bona tota feruntur 

ad Phialen ; tantum artificis valet halitus oris, 

quod steterat multis in carcere fornicis annis. 

ut vigeant sensus animi, ducenda tamen sunt 240 

funera natorum, rogus aspiciendus amatae 

conjugis et fratris plenaeque sororibus urnae. 

haec data poena diu viventibus, ut renovata 

semper clade domus multis in luctibus inque 

perpetuo maerore et nigra veste senescant. 245 

rex Pylius, magno si quidquam credis Homero, 

exemplum vitae fuit a cornice secundae. 

felix nimirum, qui tot per saecula mortem 

distulit atque suos jam dextra computat annos, 

quique novum totiens mustum bibit. oro, parumper 250 

attendas, quantum de legibus ipse queratur 

fatorum et nimio de stamine, cum videt acris 

Antilochi barbam ardentem, cum quaerit ab omni 

quisquis adest socius, cur haec in tempora duret, 

quod facinus dignum tarn longo admiserit aevo ? 255 

haec eadem Peleus, raptum cum luget Achillem, 

atque alius, cui fas Ithacum lugere natantem. 

incolumi Troja Priamus venisset ad umbras 



70 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

Assaraci magnis sollemnibus, Hectore funus 

portante ac reliquis fratrum cervicibus inter 260 

Iliadum lacrimas, ut primos edere planctus 

Cassandra inciperet scissaque Polyxena palla, 

si foret exstinctus diverso tempore, quo non 

coeperat audaces Paris aedificare carinas. 

longa dies igitur quid contulit ? omnia vidit 265 

eversa et flammis Asiam ferroque cadentem. 

tunc miles tremulus posita tulit arma tiara 

et ruit ante aram summi Jovis, ut vetulus bos, 

qui domini cultris tenue et miserabile collum 

praebet, ab ingrato jam fastiditus aratro. 270 

exitus ille utcumque hominis, sed torva canino 

latravit rictu, quae post hunc vixerat, uxor. 

festino ad nostros, et regem transeo Ponti 

et Croesum, quern vox justi facunda Solonis 

respicere ad longae jussit spatia ultima vitae. 275 

exilium et career Minturnarumque paludes 

et mendicatus victa Carthagine panis 

hinc causas habuere. quid illo cive tulisset 

natura in terris, quid Roma beatius umquam, 

si circumducto captivorum agmine et omni 280 

bellorum pompa animam exhalasset opimam, 

cum de Teutonico vellet descendere curru ? 

provida Pompeio dederat Campania febres 

optandas, sed multae urbes et publica vota 

vicerunt ; igitur fortuua ipsius et urbis 285 

servatum victo caput abstulit. hoc cruciatu 



SATVRA X. 71 

Lentulus, hac poena caruit ceciditque Cethegus 
integer, et jacuit Catilina cadavere toto. 

Formani optat modico pueris, majore puellis 
murmure, cum Veneris fanum videt, anxia mater 290 
usque ad delicias votorum. f cur tamen,' inquit, 
' corripias ? pulchra gaudet Latona Diana.' 
sed vetat optari faciem Lucretia, qualem 
ipsa habuit ; cuperet Kutilae Verginia gibbum 
accipere atque suam Rutilae dare, filius autem 295 
corporis egregii miseros trepidosque parentes 
semper habet ; rara est adeo concordia formae 
atque pudicitiae. sanctos licet horrida mores 
tradiderit domus ac veteres imitata Sabinos, 
praeterea castum ingenium vultumque modesto 300 

sanguine ferventem tribuat natura benigna 
larga manu — quid enim puero conferre potest plus 
custode et cura natura potentior omni ? — 
non licet esse viro ; nam prodiga corruptoris 
improbitas ipsos audet temptare parentes. 305 

' sed casto quid forma nocet ? ' quid profuit immo 324 
Hippolyto grave propositum, quid Bellerophonti ? 
erubuit nempe haec, ceu fastidita, repulsa 
nee Stheneboea minus quam Cressa excanduit, et se 
concussere ambae. mulier saevissima tunc est, 
cum stimulos odio pudor admovet. elige, quidnam 
suadendum esse putes, cui nubere Caesaris uxor 330 

destinat. optimus hie et formosissimus idem 
gentis patriciae rapitur miser exstinguendus 



72 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

Messalinae oculis ; dudum sedet ilia parato 
flammeolo, Tyriusque palam genialis in hortis 
sternitur, et ritu decies centena dabuntur 335 

antiquo, veniet cum siguatoribus auspex. 
haec tu secreta et paucis commissa putabas ? 
non nisi legitime vult nubere. quid placeat, die : 
ni parere velis, pereundum erit ante lucernas ; 
si scelus admittas, dabitur mora parvula, dum res 340 
nota urbi et populo contingat principis aurem. 
dedecus ille domus sciet ultimus ; interea tu 
obsequere imperio, si tanti vita dierum 
paucorum. quidquid levius meliusque putaris, 
praebenda est gladio pulchra haec et Candida cervix. 345 

' Nil ergo optabunt homines ? ' si consilium vis, 
permittes ipsis expendere numinibus, quid 
conveniat nobis rebusque sit utile nostris. 
nam pro jucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di. 
carior est illis homo, quam sibi. nos animorum 350 
inpulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti 
conjugium petimus partumque uxoris ; at illis 
notum, qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor, 
ut tamen et poscas aliquid voveasque sacellis 
exta et candiduli divina tomacula porci, 355 

orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano ; 
fortem posce animum, mortis terrore carentem, 
qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat 
naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores, 
nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 360 



SATVKA XI. 73 

Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores 

et Venere et cenis et pluma Sardauapalli. 

monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare : semita certe 

tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae. 

nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia ; nos te, 365 

nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus. 

XL 

Atticus eximie si cenat, lautus habetur ; 
si Rutilus, demens. quid enim majore cachinno 
excipitur vulgi, quam pauper Apicius ? omnis 
convictus, thermae, stationes, omne theatrum 
de Rutilo. nam dum valida ac juvenalia membra 5 
sufficiunt galeae dumque ardent sanguine, fertur 
(non cogente quidem, sed nee prohibente tribuno) 
scripturus leges et regia verba lanistae. 
multos porro vides, quos saepe elusus ad ipsum 
creditor introitum solet exspectare macelli, 10 

et quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est. 
egregius cenat meliusque miserrimus horum 
et cito casurus jam perlucente ruina. 
interea gustus elementa per omnia quaerunt, 
numquam animo pretiis obstantibus ; interius si 15 

adtendas, magis ilia juvant quae pluris emuntur. 
ergo haut difficile est perituram arcessere summam 
lancibus oppositis vel matris imagine fracta, 
et quadringentis nummis condire gulosum 
fictile : sic veniunt ad miscellanea ludi. 20 

G 



74 D. IVNII IYVENALIS 

Refert ergo, quis haec eadem paret : in Rutilo nam 
luxuria est, in Ventidio laudabile nomen 
sumit et a censu famam trahit. ilium ego jure 
despiciam, qui scit, quanto sublimior Atlas 
omnibus in Libya sit montibus, hie tamen idem 25 

ignoret, quantum ferrata distet ab area 
sacculus. e caelo descendit yvco0c aeavrov, 
figendum et memori tractandum pectore, sive 
conjugium quaeras vel sacri in parte senatus 
esse velis ; neque enim loricam poscit Achillis 30 

Thersites, in qua se transducebat Ulixes ; 
ancipitem seu tu magno discrimine causam 
protegere adfectas, te consule, die tibi qui sis, 
orator vehemens, an Curtius et Matho buccae. 
noscenda est mensura sui spectandaque rebus 35 

in summis minimisque, etiam cum piscis emetur ; 
ne mullum cupias, cum sit tibi gobio tantum 
in loculis. quis enim te deficiente crumina 
et crescente gula manet exitus, aere paterno 
ac rebus mersis in ventrem fenoris atque 40 

argenti gravis et pecorum agrorumque capacem ? 
talibus a dominis post cuncta novissimus exit 
anulus, et digito mendicat Pollio nudo. 
non praematuri cineres nee funus acerb um 
luxuriae, sed morte magis metuenda senectus. 45 

hi plerumque gradus : conducta pecunia Romae 
et coram dominis consumitur ; inde ubi paulum 
nescio quid superest et pallet fenoris auctor, 



SATVRA XI. 75 

qui vertere solum, Baias et ad ostrea currunt. 

cedere nam que foro jam uon est deterius quam 50 

Esquilias a ferventi migrare Subura. 

ille dolor solus patriam fugientibus, ilia 

maestitia est, caruisse anno circensibus uno. 

sanguinis in facie non haeret gutta ; morantur 

pauci ridiculum et fugientem ex urbe pudorem. 55 

Experiere hodie, numquid pulcherrima dictu, 
Persice, non praestem vita vel moribus et re, 
si laudem siliquas occultus ganeo, pultes 
coram aliis dictem puero, sed in aure placentas, 
nam cum sis conviva mihi promissus, habebis 60 

Euandrum, venies Tirynthius aut minor illo 
hospes, et ipse tamen contingens sanguine caelum, 
alter aquis, alter flammis ad sidera missus, 
fercula nunc audi nullis ornata macellis. 
de Tiburtino veniet pinguissimus agro 65 

haedulus et toto grege mollior, inscius herbae, 
necdum ausus virgas humilis mordere salicti, 
qui plus lactis habet quam sanguinis, et montani 
asparagi, posito quos legit vilica fuso ; 
grandia praeterea tortoque calentia faeno 70 

ova adsunt ipsis cum matribus, et servatae 
parte anni quales fuerant in vitibus uvae, 
Signinum Syriumque pirum, de corbibus isdem 
aemula Picenis et odoris mala recentis, 
nee metuenda tibi, siccatum frigore postquam 75 

autumnum et crudi posuere pericula suci. 



76 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

haec olim nostri jam luxuriosa senatus 

cena fuit. Curius parvo quae legerat horto 

ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula, quae nunc 

squalidus in magna fastidit compede fossor, 80 

qui meminit, ealidae sapiat quid vulva popinae. 

sicci terga suis, rara pendentia crate, 

moris erat quondam festis servare diebus 

et natalicium cognatis ponere lardum, 

accedente nova, si quam dabat hostia, carne. 85 

cognatorum aliquis titulo ter consulis atque 

castrorum imperiis et dictatoris honore 

functus ad has epulas solito maturius ibat, 

erectum domito referens a monte ligonem. 

cum tremerent autem Fabios durumque Catonem 90 

et Scauros et Fabricios, postremo severos 

censoris mores etiam collega timeret, 

nemo inter curas et seria duxit habendum, 

qualis in Oceani fluctu testudo nataret, 

clarum Trojugenis factura et nobile fulcrum, 95 

sed nudo latere et parvis frons aerea lectis 

vile coronati caput ostendebat aselli, 

ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni. 

tales ergo cibi, qualis domus atque supellex. 

tunc rudis et Graias mirari nescius artes 100 

urbibus eversis praedarum in parte reperta 

magnorum artificum frangebat pocula miles, 

ut phaleris gauderet ecus, caelataque cassis 

Romuleae simulacra ferae mansuescere jussae 



SATVRA XI. 77 

imperii fato, geminos sub rupe Quirinos, 105 

ac nudam effigiem clipeo venientis et hasta 

pendentisque dei perituro ostenderet hosti. 

ponebant igitur Tusco farrata catino ; 

argenti quod erat, solis fulgebat in armis. 

omnia tunc, quibus invideas, si lividulus sis. 110 

templorum quoque majestas praesentior et vox 

nocte fere media mediamque audita per urbem, 

litore ab Oceani Gallis venientibus et dis 

officium vatis peragentibus. his monuit nos, 

hanc rebus Latiis curam praestare solebat 115 

fictilis et nullo violatus Juppiter auro. 

ilia domi natas nostraque ex arbore mensas 

tempora viderunt ; hos lignum stabat ad usus, 

annosam si forte nucem dejecerat eurus. 

at nunc divitibus cenandi nulla voluptas, 120 

nil rhombus, nil dama sapit, putere videntur 

unguenta atque rosae, latos nisi sustinet orbes 

grande ebur et magno sublimis pardus hiatu, 

dentibus ex illis, quos mittit porta Syenes 

et Mauri celeres et Mauro obscurior Indus, 125 

et quos deposuit Nabataeo belua saltu, 

jam nimios capitique graves, hinc surgit orexis, 

hinc stomacho vires ; nam pes argenteus illis, 

anulus in digito quod ferreus. ergo superbum 

convivam caveo, qui me sibi comparat et res 130 

despicit exiguas. adeo nulla uncia nobis 

est eboris, nee tessellae, nee calculus ex hac 

G2 



78 D. IVNII IVVENALTS 

materia, quin ipsa manubria cultellorum 

ossea ; non tamen his ulla umquara obsonia fiunt 

rancidula, aut ideo pejor gallina secatur. 135 

sed nee structor erit, cui cedere debeat omnis 

pergula, discipulus Trypheri doctoris, aput quern 

suraine cum magno lepus atque aper et pygargus 

et Scythicae volucres et phoenicopterus ingens 

et Gaetulus oryx hebeti lautissima ferro 140 

caeditur et tota sonat ulmea cena Subura. 

nee frustum capreae subducere nee latus Afrae 

novit avis noster, tirunculus ac rudis omni 

tempore et exiguae furtis inbutus ofellae. 

plebeios calices et paucis assibus emptos 145 

porriget incultus puer atque a frigore tutus ; 

non Phryx aut Lycius, non a mangone petitus 

quisquam erit et magno. cum posces, posce Latine. 

idem habitus cunctis, tonsi rectique capilii 

atque hodie tantum propter convma pexi. 150 

pastoris duri hie est filius, ille bubulci. 

suspirat longo non visam tempore matrem, 

et casulam et notos tristis desiderat haedos, 

ingenui vultus puer ingenuique pudoris, 

quales esse decet quos ardens purpura vestit. 155 

hie tibi vina dabit diffusa in montibus illis, 159 

a quibus ipse venit, quorum sub vertice lusit ; 

namque una atque eadem est vini patria atque ministri. 

Nostra dabunt alios hodie con vi via ludos : 179 

conditor Iliados cantabitur atque Maronis 



SATVRA XI. 79 

altisoni dubiam facientia carmina palmam. 
quid refert, tales versus qua voce legantur ? 

Sed nunc dilatis averte negotia curis 183 

et gratam requiem dona tibi, quando licebit 
per totum cessare diem, non fenoris ulla 
mentio, nee, prima si luce egressa reverti 
nocte solet, tacito bilem tibi contrahat uxor. 187 

protinus ante meum quidquid dolet exue limen ; 190 

pone domum et servos et quidquid frangitur illis 
aut perit ; ingratos ante omnia pone sodales. 
interea Megalesiacae spectacula mappae, 
Idaeum sollemne, colunt, similisque triumpho 
praeda caballorum praetor sedet ac, mitii pace 195 

immensae nimiaeque licet si dicere plebis, 
totam hodie Romam circus capit et fragor aurem 
percutit, even turn viridis quo colligo panni : 
nam si deficeret, maestam attonitamque videres 
hanc urbem, veluti Cannarum in pulvere victis 200 

consulibus. spectent juvenes, quos clamor et audax 
sponsio, quos cultae decet adsedisse puellae ; 
nostra bibat vernum contracta cuticula solem 
effugiatque togam. jam nunc in balnea salva 
fronte licet vadas, quamquam solida hora supersit 205 
ad sextam. facere hoc non possis quinque diebus 
continuis, quia sunt talis quoque taedia vitae 
magna ; voluptates commendat rarior usus. 




OP 



80 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 



XIII. 



Exemplo quodcumque malo committitur, ipsi 

displicet auctori. prima est haec ultio, quod se 

judice nemo nocens absolvitur, improba quamvis 

gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna. 

quid sentire putas omnes, Calvine, recenti 5 

de scelere et fidei violatae crimine ? sed nee 

tarn tenuis census tibi contigit, ut mediocris 

jacturae te mergat onus, nee rara videmus 

quae pateris ; casus multis hie cognitus ac jam 

tritus et e medio fortunae ductus acervo. 10 

ponamus nimios gemitus : flagrantior aequo 

non debet dolor esse viri, nee vulnere major. 

tu quamvis levium minimam exiguamque malorum 

particulam vix ferre potes, spumantibus ardens 

visceribus, sacrum tibi quod non reddat amicus 15 

depositum. stupet haec, qui jam post terga reliquit 

sexaginta annos, Fonteio consule natus ? 

an nihil in melius tot rerum proficit usus ? 

magna quidem, sacris quae dat praecepta libellis, 

victrix fortunae sapientia ; ducimus autem 20 

hos quoque felices, qui ferre incommoda vitae 

nee jactare jugum vita didicere magistra. 

quae tarn festa dies, ut cesset prodere furem, 

perfidiam, fraudes, atque omni ex crimine lucrum 

quaesitum, et partos gladio vel puxide nummos ? 25 

rari quippe boni ; numero vix sunt totidem quot 



SATVRA XIII. 81 

Thebarum portae vel divitis ostia Nili. 

nona aetas agitur pejoraque saecula ferri 

temporibus, quorum sceleri non invenit ipsa 

nomen et a nullo posuit natura metallo. 30 

nos hominum divumque fidem clamore ciemus, 

quanto Faesidium laudat vocalis agentem 

sportula. die, senior bulla dignissime, nescis, 

quas habeat veneres aliena pecunia ? nescis, 

quern tua simplicitas risum vulgo moveat, cum 35 

exigis a quoquam ne pejeret et putet ullis 

esse aliquod numen templis araeque rubenti ? 

quondam hoc indigenae vivebant more, priusquam 

sumeret agrestem posito diademate falcem 

Saturnus fugiens, tunc, cum virguncula Juno 40 

et privatus adhuc Idaeis Juppiter antris, 

nulla super nubes convivia caelicolarum, 

nee puer Iliacus, formonsa nee Herculis uxor 

ad cyathos, et jam siccato nectare tergens 

bracchia Vulcanus Liparaea nigra taberna. 45 

prandebat sibi quisque deus, nee turba deorum 

talis ut est hodie, contentaque sidera paucis 

numinibus miserum urguebant Atlanta minori 

pondere. nondum aliquis sortitus triste profundi 

imperium, aut Sicula torvus cum conjuge Pluton, 50 

nee rota nee Furiae nee saxum aut vulturis atri 

poena, sed infernis hilares sine regibus umbrae. 

inprobitas illo fuit admirabilis aevo, 

credebant quo grande nefas et morte piandum, 
6— Juv. 



82 D.IVNII IVVENALIS 

si juvenis vetulo non assurrexerat et si 55 

barbato cuicumque puer, licet ipse videret 

plura domi fraga et majores glandis acervos. 

tarn venerabile erat praecedere quattuor annis, 

primaque par adeo sacrae lanugo senectae. 

nunc, si depositum non infitietur amicus, 60 

si reddat veterem cum tota aerugine follem, 

prodigiosa fides et Tuscis digna libellis, 

quaeque coronata lustrari debeat agna. 

egregium sanctumque virum si cerno, bimembri 

hoc monstrum puero vel miranti sub aratro 65 

piscibus inventis et fetae conparo mulae, 

sollicitus, tamquam lapides effuderit imber 

examenque apium longa consederit uva 

culmine delubri, tamquam in mare fluxerit amnis 

gurgitibus miris et lactis vertice torrens. 70 

Intercepta decern quereris sestertia fraude 
sacrilega ? quid si bis centum perdidit alter 
hoc arcana modo ? majorem tertius ilia 
summam, quam patulae vix ceperat angulus arcae? 
tarn facile et pronum est superos contemnere testes, 75 
si mortalis idem nemo sciat ! aspice, quanta 
voce neget, quae sit ficti constantia vultus. 
per Solis radios Tarpeiaque fulmina jurat 
et Martis frameam et Cirraei spicula vatis, 
per calamos venatricis pharetramque puellae, 80 

perque tuum, pater Aegaei Neptune, tridentem ; 
addit et Herculeos arcus hastamque Minervae, 



SATVRA XIII. 83 

quidquid habent telorum armamentaria caeli. 

si vero et pater est, ' comedam/ inquit, ' flebile nati 

sinciput elixi Pharioque madentis aceto.' 85 

Sunt in fortunae qui casibus omnia ponant 
et nullo credant mundum rectore moveri, 
natura volvente vices et lucis et anni, 
atque ideo intrepidi quaecumque altaria tangunt. 
[est alius metuens, ne crimen poena sequatur ;] 90 

hie putat esse deos et pejerat, atque ita secum : 
' decernat quodcumque volet de corpore nostro 
Isis et irato feriat mea lumina sistro, 
dummodo vel caecus teneam quos abnego nummos. 
et phthisis et vomicae putres et dimidium crus 95 

sunt tanti. pauper locupletem optare podagram 
nee dubitet Ladas, si non eget Anticyra nee 
Archigene ; quid enim velocis gloria plantae 
praestat et esuriens Pisaeae ramus olivae ? 
ut sit magna, tamen certe lenta ira deorum est : 100 

si curant igitur cunctos punire nocentes, 
quando ad me venient ? sed et exorabile numen 
fortasse experiar ; solet his ignoscere. multi 
committunt eadem diverso crimina fato ; 
ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hie diadema.' 105 

sic animum dirae trepidum formidine culpae 
confirmat, tunc te sacra ad delubra vocantem 
praecedit, trahere immo ultro ac vexare paratus. 
nam cum magna malae superest audacia causae, 
creditur a multis fiducia. mimum agit ille, 110 



84 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

urbani qualem fugitivus scurra Catulli ; 
tu miser exclamas, ut Stentora vincere possis, 
vel potius quantum Gradivus Homericus : 'audis, 
Juppiter, haec, nee labra moves, cum mittere vocem 
debueris vel marmoreus vel aeneus? aut cur 115 

in carbone tuo charta pia tura soluta 
ponimus et sectum vituli jecur albaque porci 
omenta ? ut video, nullum discrimen habendum est 
effigies inter vestras statuamque Vagelli.' 

Accipe, quae contra valeat solacia ferre 120 

et qui nee cynicos nee stoica dogmata legit 
a cynicis tunica distantia, non Epicurum 
suspicit exigui laetum plantaribus horti. 
curentur dubii medicis majoribus aegri ; 
tu venam vel discipulo committe Philippi. 125 

si nullum in terris tarn detestabile factum 
ostendis, taceo, nee pugnis caedere pectus 
te veto, nee plana faciem contundere palma, 
quandoquidem accepto claudenda est janua damno, 
et majore domus gemitu, majore tumultu 130 

planguntur nummi quam funera. nemo dolorem 
fingit in hoc casu, vestem diducere summam 
contentus, vexare oculos umore coacto : 
ploratur lacrimis amissa pecunia veris. 
sed si cuncta vides simili fora plena querella, 135 

si deciens lectis diversa parte tabellis 
vana supervacui dicunt chirographa ligni, 
arguit ipsorum quos littera gemmaque princeps 



SATVRA XIII. 85 

sardonychum, loculis quae custoditur eburnis : 

ten' (o delicias !) extra communia censes 140 

ponendum, quia tu gallinae filius albae, 

nos viles pulli nati infelicibus ovis ? 

rem pateris modicam et mediocri bile ferendam, 

si flectas oculos majora ad crimina. confer 

conductum latronem, incendia sulpure coepta 145 

atque dolo, primos cum janua colligit ignes ; 

confer et hos, veteris qui tollunt grandia templi 

pocula adorandae robiginis et populorum 

dona vel antiquo positas a rege coronas. 

haec ibi si non sunt, minor exstat sacrilegus, qui 150 

radat inaurati femur Herculis et faciem ipsam 

Neptuni, qui bratteolam de Castore ducat ; 

an dubitet ? solitumstf totum conflare tonantem. 

confer et artifices mercatoremque veneni 

et deducendum corio bovis in mare, cum quo 155 

clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis. 

haec quota pars scelerum, quae custos Gallicus urbis 

usque a lucifero donee lux occidat audit ? 

huinani generis mores tibi nosse volenti 

sufficit una domus ; paucos consume dies, et 160 

dicere te miserum, postquam illinc veneris, aude. 

quis tumidum guttur miratur in Alpibus ? aut quis 

in Meroe crasso majorem infante mamillam? 

caerula quis stupuit German! lumina, flavam 

caesariem et madido torquentem cornua cirro ? 165 

nempe quod haec illis natura est omnibus una. 



86 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

ad subitas Thracum volucres nubemque sonoram 
Pygmaeus parvis currit bellator in armis, 
mox impar hosti raptusque per aera curvis 
unguibus a saeva fertur grue. si videas hoc 170 

gentibus in nostris, risu quatiare ; sed illic, 
quamquam eadem assidue spectentur proelia, ridet 
nemo, ubi tota cohors pede non est altior uno. 
Nullane perjuri capitis fraudisque nefandae 
poena erit? — abreptum crede hunc graviore catena 175 
protinus et nostro — quid plus velit ira ? — necari 
arbitrio ; manet ilia tamen jactura, nee umquam 
depositum tibi sospes erit, sed corpore trunco 
invidiosa dabit minimus solacia sanguis. 
' at vindicta bonum vita jucundius ipsa/ 180 

nempe hoc indocti, quorum praecordia nullis 
interdum aut levibus videas flagrantia causis : 
[quantulacumque adeo est occasio, sufficit irae.] 
Chrysippus non dicet idem nee mite Thaletis 
ingenium dulcique senex vicinus Hymetto, 185 

qui partem acceptae saeva inter vincla cicutae 
accusatori nollet dare, [plurima felix 
paulatim vitia atque errores exuit omnes, 
prima docet rectum sapientia.] quippe minuti 
semper et infirmi est animi exiguique voluptas 190 

ultio : continuo sic collige, quod vindicta 
nemo magis gaudet quam femina. cur tamen hos tu 
evasisse putes, quos diri conscia facti 
mens habet attonitos et surdo verbere caedit. 



SATVRA XIII. 87 

occultum quatiente animo tortore flagellum ? 195 

poena autem vehemens ac multo saevior illis, 

quas et Caedicius gravis invenit et Rhadamanthus, 

nocte dieque suum gestare in pectore testem. 

Spartano cuidam respondit Pythia vates, 

haut impunitum quondam fore, quod dubitaret 200 

depositum retinere et fraudem jure tueri 

jurando. quaerebat enim, quae numinis esset 

mens, et an hoc illi facinus suaderet Apollo ? 

reddidit ergo metu, non moribus ; et tamen omnem 

vocem adyti dignam templo veramque probavit, 205 

extinctus tota pariter cum prole domoque 

et quamvis longa deductis gente propinquis. 

has patitur poenas peccandi sola voluntas. 

nam scelus intra se taciturn qui cogitat ullum, 

facti crimen habet: cedo, si conata peregit? 210 

perpetua anxietas nee mensae tempore cessat, 

faucibus ut morbo siccis interque molares 

difficili crescente cibo ; Setina misellus 

expuit, Albani veteris pretiosa senectus 

displicet ; ostendas melius, densissima ruga 215 

cogitur in frontem, velut acri ducta Falerno. 

nocte brevem si forte indulsit cura soporem 

et toto versata toro jam membra quiescunt, 

continuo templum et violati numinis aras 

et, quod praecipuis mentem sudoribus urguet, 220 

te videt in somnis ; tua sacra et major imago 

humana turbat pavidum cogitque fateri. 



88 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

hi sunt, qui trepidant et ad omnia fulgura pallent, 

cum tonat, exanimes primo quoque murmure caeli ; 

non quasi fortuitus nee ventorum rabie, set 225 

iratus cadat in terras et vindicet ignis. 

ilia nihil nocuit, eura graviore timetur 

proxima tempestas, velut hoc dilata sereno. 

praeterea lateris vigili cum febre dolorem 

si coepere pati, missum ad sua corpora morbum 230 

infesto credunt a numine ; saxa deorum 

haec et tela putant. pecudem spondere sacello 

balantem et Laribus cristam promittere galli 

non audent ; quid enim sperare nocentibus aegris 

concessum ? vel quae non dignior hostia vita ? 235 

mobilis et varia est ferme natura malorum. 

cum scelus admittunt, superest constantia ; quid fas 

atque nefas, tandem incipiunt sentire peractis 

criminibus. tamen ad mores natura recurrit 

damnatos, fixa et mutari nescia nam quis 240 

peccandi finem posuit sibi ? quando recepit 

ejectum semel attrita de fronte ruborem ? 

quisnam hominum est, quern tu contentum videris uno 

flagitio ? dabit in laqueum vestigia noster 

perfidus, et nigri patietur carceris uncum, 24i> 

aut maris Aegaei rupem scopulosque frequentes 

exulibus magnis. poena gaudebis amara 

nominis invisi, tandemque fatebere laetus 

nee surdum nee Tiresian quemquam esse deorum. 



SATVRA XIV. 89 

XIV. 

Plurima sunt, Fuscine, et fama digna sinistra 

et nitidis maculam haesuram figentia rebus, 

quae monstrant ipsi pueris traduntque parentes. 

si damnosa senem juvat alea, ludit et heres 

bullatus parvoque eadem movet arma fritillo. 5 

nee melius de se cuiquam sperare propinquo 

concedet juvenis, qui radere tubera terrae, 

boletum condire et eodem jure natantis 

mergere ficellas didicit, nebulone parente 

et cana monstrante gula. cum septimus annus 10 

transient puerum, nondum omni dente renato, 

barbatos licet admoveas mille inde magistros, 

hinc totidem, cupiet lauto cenare paratu 

semper et a magna non degenerare culina. 

mitem animum et mores modicis erroribus aequos 15 

praecipit, atque animas servorum et corpora nostra 

materia constare putat paribusque elementis, 

an saevire docet Rutilus, qui gaudet acerbo 

plagarum strepitu et nullam Sirena flagellis 

conparat, Antiphates trepidi laris ac Polyphemus, 20 

tunc felix, quotiens aliquis tortore vocato 

uritur ardenti duo propter lintea ferro ? 

quid suadet juveni laetus stridore catenae, 

quern mire afficiunt inscripta ergastula, career ? 24 

sic natura jubet : velocius et citius nos 31 

corrumpunt vitiorum exempla domestica, magnis 

H2 



90 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

cum subeant animos auctoribus. unus et alter 

forsitan haec spernant juvenes, quibus arte beuigna 

et meliore lutp finxit praecordia Titan ; 35 

sed reliquos fugienda patrum vestigia ducunt 

et monstrata diu veteris trahit orbita culpae. 

abstineas igitur damnandis. hujus enim vel 

una potens ratio est, ne crimina nostra sequantur 

ex nobis geniti, quoniam dociles imitandis 40 

turpibus ac pravis onines sumus, et Catilinam 

quocumque in populo videas, quocumque sub axe, 

sed nee Brutus erit, Bruti nee avunculus usquam. 

nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat, 

intra quae pater est. procul, a procul inde puellae 45 

lenonum et cantus pernoctantis parasiti ! 

maxima debetur puero reverentia. si quid 

turpe paras, ne tu pueri contempseris annos, 

sed peccaturo obstet tibi filius infans. 

nam si quid dignum censoris fecerit ira 50 

quandoque et similem tibi se non corpore tantum 

nee vultu dederit, morum quoque filius et qui 

omnia deterius tua per vestigia peccet, 

corripies nimirum et castigabis acerbo 

clamore ac post haec tabulas mutare parabis. 55 

unde tibi frontem libertatemque parentis, 

cum facias pejora sen ex, vacuumque cerebro 

jam pridem caput hoc ventosa cucurbita quaerat? 

Hospite venturo cessabit nemo tuorum. 
* verre pavimentum, nitidas ostende columnas, 60 



SATVRA XIV. 91 

arida cum tota descendat aranea tela, 

hie leve argentum, vasa aspera tergeat alter ! ' 

vox domini furit instantis virgamque tenentis. 

ergo miser trepidas, ne stercore foeda canino 

atria displiceant oculis venientis amici, 65 

ne perfusa luto sit porticus ; et tamen uno 

semodio scobis haec emendat servulus unus : 

illud non agitas, ut sanctam filius omni 

aspiciat sine labe domum vitioque carentem ? 

gratum est quod patriae civem populoque dedisti, 70 

si facis ut patriae sit idoneus, utilis agris, 

utilis et bellorum et pacis rebus agendis. 

plurimum enim intererit, quibus artibus et quibus 

hunc tu 
moribus instituas. serpente ciconia pullos 
nutrit et inventa per devia rura lacerta : 75 

illi eadem sumptis quaerunt animalia pinnis. 
vultur jumento et canibus crucibusque relictis 
ad fetus properat partemque cadaveris adfert : 
hie est ergo cibus magni quoque vulturis et se 
pascentis, propria cum jam facit arbore nidos. 80 

sed leporem aut capream famulae Jovis et generosae 
in saltu venantur aves, hinc praeda cubili 
ponitur : inde autem cum se matura levavit 
progenies, stimulante fame festinat ad illam, 
quam primum praedam rupto gustaverat ovo. 85 

Aedificator erat Cretonius, et modo curvo 
litore Caietae, summa nunc Tiburis arce, 



92 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

nunc Praenestinis in montibus alta parabat 

culmina villarum Graecis longeque petitis 

marmoribus, vincens Fortunae atque Herculis aedem, 90 

ut spado vincebat Capitolia nostra Posides. 

dum sic ergo habitat Cretonius, inminuit rem, 

fregit opes ; nee parva tamen mensura relictae 

partis erat : totam hanc turbavit filius amens, 

dum meliore novas attollit marmore villas. 95 

Quidam sortiti metuentem sabbata patrem 
nil praeter nubes et caeli numen adorant, 
nee distare putant humana carne suillam, 
qua pater abstinuit ; mox et praeputia ponunt. 
Romanas autem soliti contemnere leges 100 

Judaicum ediscunt et servant ac metuunt jus, 
tradidit arcano quodcumque volumine Moyses, 
non monstrare vias eadem nisi sacra colenti, 
quaesitum ad fontem solos deducere verpos. 
sed pater in causa, cui septima quaeque fuit lux 105 

ignava et partem vitae non attigit ullam. 

Sponte tamen juvenes imitantur cetera, solam 
inviti quoque avaritiam exercere jubentur. 
fallit enim vitium specie virtutis et umbra, 
cum sit triste habitu vultuque et veste severum, 110 
nee dubie tamquam frugi laudetur avarus, 
tamquam parcus homo et rerum tutela suarum 
certa magis quam si fortunas servet easdem 
Hesperidum serpens aut Ponticus. adde quod hunc, de 
quo loquor, egregium populus putat adquirendi 115 



SATVRA XIV. 93 

artificem ; quippe his crescunt patrimonia fabris, 

sed crescunt quocumque modo, majoraque fiunt 

incude assidua semperque ardente camino. 

et pater ergo animi felices credit avaros, 

qui miratur opes, qui nulla exempla beati 120 

pauperis esse putat ; juvenes hortatur ut illam 

ire viam pergant et eidem incunibere sectae. 

sunt quaedam vitiorum elementa : his protinus illos 

inbuit et cogit minimas ediscere sordes, 

[mox adquirendi docet insatiabile votum.] 125 

servorum ventres modio castigat iniquo, 

ipse quoque esuriens; neque enim omnia sustinet 

umquam 
mucida caerulei panis consumere frusta, 
hesternum solitus medio servare minutal 
Septembri, nee non differre in tempora cenae 130 

alterius conchem aestivi cum parte lacerti 
signatam vel dimidio putrique siluro, 
filaque sectivi numerata includere porri : 
invitatus ad haec aliquis de ponte negabit. 
sed quo divitias haec per tormenta coactas, 135 

cum furor haut dubius, cum sit manifesta phrenesis, 
ut locuples moriaris, egentis vivere fato ? 
interea pleno cum turget sacculus ore, 
crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crevit, 
et minus hanc optat qui non habet. ergo paratur 140 
altera villa tibi, cum rus non sufficit unum, 
et proferre libet fines, major que videtur 



94 D. IYNII IVVENALIS 

et melior vicina seges : mercaris et hanc et 

arbusta et densa montem qui canet oliva. 

quorum si pretio dominus non vincitur ullo, 145 

nocte boves macri lassoque famelica collo 

jumenta ad virides hujus mitten tur aristas, 

nee prius inde domum quam tota novalia saevos 

in ventres abeant, ut credas falcibus actum. 

dicere vix possis quam multi talia plorent, 150 

et quot venales injuria fecerit agros. 

sed qui sermones, quam foedae bucina famae ! 

' quid nocet haec ? ' inquit, ' tunicam mihi malo lupini, 

quam si me toto laudet vicinia pago 

exigui ruris paucissima farra secantem.' 155 

scilicet et morbis et debilitate carebis, 

et luctum et curam effugies, et tempora vitae 

longa tibi posthac fato meliore dabuntur, 

si tantum culti solus possederis agri, 

quantum sub Tatio populus Komanus arabat. 160 

mox etiam fractis aetate ac Punica passis 

proelia vel Pyrrum inmanem gladiosque Molossos 

tandem pro multis vix jugera bina dabantur 

vulneribus. merces haec sanguinis atque laboris 

nullis visa umquam meritis minor aut ingratae 165 

curta fides patriae, saturabat glebula talis 

patrem ipsum turbamque casae, qua feta jacebat 

uxor et infantes ludebant quattuor, unus 

vernula, tres domini ; sed magnis fratribus horum 

a scrobe vel sulco redeuntibus altera cena 170 



SATVRA XIV. 95 

amplior et grandes fumabant pultibus ollae : 

nunc modus hie agri nostro non sufficit horto. 

inde fere scelerum causae ; nee plura venena 

miscuit aut ferro grassatur saepius ullum 

humanae mentis vitium quam saeva cupido 175 

inmodici census, nam dives qui fieri vult, 

et cito vult fieri : sed quae reverentia legum, 

quis metus aut pudor est umquam properantis avari ? 

1 vivite contenti casulis et collibus istis, 

o pueri ! ' Marsus dicebat et Hernicus olim 180 

Vestinusque senex ; ' panem quaeramus aratro, 

qui satis est mensis : laudant hoc numina ruris, 

quorum ope et auxilio gratae post munus aristae 

contingunt homini veteris fastidia quercus. 

nil vetitum fecisse volet, quern non pudet alto 185 

per glaciem perone tegi, qui summovet euros 

pellibus inversis ; peregrina ignotaque nobis 

ad scelus atque nefas, quaecumque est, purpura ducit.' 

haec illi veteres praecepta minoribus : at nunc 

post finem autumni media de nocte supinum 190 

clamosus juvenem pater excitat: 'accipe ceras, 

scribe, puer, vigila, causas age, perlege rubras 

majorum leges aut vitem posce libello. 

sed caput intactum buxo naresque pilosas 

adnotet et grandes miretur Laelius alas. 195 

dirue Maurorum attegias, castella Brigantum, 

ut locupletem aquilam tibi sexagensimus annus 

adferat ; aut, longos castrorum ferre labores 



96 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

si piget et trepidum solvunt tibi cornua ventrem 

cum lituis audita, pares quod vendere possis 200 

pluris dimidio, nee te fastidia mercis 

ullius subeant ablegandae Tiberim ultra, 

neu credas ponendum aliquid discriminis inter 

unguenta et corium : lucri bonus est odor ex re 

qualibet. ilia tuo sententia semper in ore 205 

versetur, dis atque ipso Jove digna poeta, 

" unde habeas, quaerit nemo, sed oportet habere." ' 

hoc monstrant vetulae pueris repentibus assae, 

hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellae ! 

talibus instantem monitis quemcumque parentem 210 

sic possem adfari : * die, o vanissime, quis te 

festinare jubet? meliorem praesto magistro 

discipulum. securus abi, vinceris, ut Ajax 

praeteriit Telamonem, ut Pelea vicit Achilles. 

parcendum est teneris : nondum implevere medullas 215 

maturae mala nequitiae : ast cum pectere barbam 

coeperit et longi mucronem admittere cultri, 

falsus erit testis, vendet perjuria summa 

exigua et Cereris tangens aramque pedemque. 

elatam jam crede nurum, si limina vestra 220 

mortifera cum dote subit. quibus ilia premetur 

per somnum digitis ! nam quae terraque marique 

adquirenda putas, brevior via conferet illi ; 

nullus enim magni sceleris labor. " haec ego numquam 

mandavi," dices olim, " nee talia suasi." 225 

mentis causa malae tamen est et origo penes te. 



SATVRA XIV. 97 

nam quisquis magni census praecepit amorem, 
et laevo monitu pueros producit avaros, 
[et qui per fraudes patrimonia conduplicare,] 
dat libertatem et totas effundit habenas 230 

eurriculo ; quern si revoces, subsistere nescit 
et te contempto rapitur metisque relictis. 
nemo satis credit tantum delinquere, quantum 
permittas ; adeo indulgent sibi latius ipsi. 
cum dicis juveni stultum, qui donet amico, 235 

qui paupertatem levet attollatque propinqui, 
et spoliare doces et circumscribere et omni 
crimine divitias adquirere, quarum amor in te 
quantus erat patriae Deciorum in pectore, quantum 
dilexit Thebas, si Graecia vera, Menoeceus ; 240 

in quorum sulcis legiones dentibus anguis 
cum clipeis nascuntur et horrida bella capessunt 
continuo, tarn qu am et tubicen surrexerit una. 
ergo ignem, cujus scintillas ipse dedisti, 
flagrantem late et rapientem cuncta videbis ; 245 

nee tibi parcetur misero, trepidumque magistrum 
in cavea magno fremitu leo toilet alumnus, 
nota mathematicis genesis tua ; sed grave tardas 
exspectare colus : morieris stamine nondum 
abrupto. jam nunc obstas et vota moraris, 250 

jam torquet juvenem longa et cervina senectus. 
ocius Archigenen quaere atque erne quod Mithridates 
composuit, si vis aliam decerpere ficum 
atque alias tractare rosas. medicamen habendum est, 
7 — Juv. I 



98 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

sorbere ante cibum quod debeat et pater et rex.' 255 

Monstro voluptatem egregiam, cui nulla theatra, 
nulla aequare queas praetoris pulpita lauti, 
si spectes quanto capitis discrimine constent 
incrementa domus, aerata multus in area 
fiscus et ad vigilem ponendi Castora nummi, 260 

ex quo Mars ultor galeam quoque perdidit et res 
non potuit servare suas. ergo omnia Florae 
et Cereris licet et Cybeles aulaea relinquas ; 
tanto majores humana negotia ludi. 
an magis oblectant animum j aetata petauro 265 

corpora quique solet rectum descendere funem, 
quam tu, Corycia semper qui puppe moraris 
atque habitas, coro semper tollendus et austro, 
perditus ac vilis sacci mercator olentis, 
qui gaudes pingue antiquae de litore Cretae 270 

passum et municipes Jo vis advexisse lagonas ? 
hie tamen ancipiti figens vestigia planta 
victum ilia mercede parat brumamque famemque 
ilia reste cavet ; tu propter mille talenta 
et centum villas temerarius. aspice portus 275 

et plenum magnis trabibus mare ; plus hominum 

est jam 
in pelago ; veniet classis, quocumque vocarit 
spes lucri, nee Carpathium Gaetulaque tantum 
aequora transiliet, sed longe Calpe relicta 
audiet Herculeo stridentem gurgite solem. 280 

grande operae pretium est, ut tenso folle reverti 



SATVRA XIV. 99 

inde domum possis tumidaque superbus aluta, 

Oceani monstra et juvenes vidisse marinos. 

non unus mentes agitat furor, ille sororis 

in manibus vultu Eumenidum terretur et igni, 285 

hie bove percusso rnugire Agamemnona credit 

aut Ithacuni. parcat tunicis licet atque lacernis, 

curatoris eget qui navem mercibus implet 

ad summum latus et tabula distinguitur unda, 

cum sit causa mali tanti et discriminis hujus 290 

concisurn argentuni in titulos faciesque minutas. 

occurrunt nubes et fulgura, ' solvite funem,' 

frumenti dominus clamat piperisve coempti, 

1 nil color hie caeli, nil fascia nigra minatur ; 

aestivum tonat/ infelix hac forsitan ipsa 295 

nocte cadit fractis trabibus, fluctuque premetur 

obrutus et zonam laeva morsuque tenebit. 

sed cujus votis modo non suffecerat aurum, 

quod Tagus et rutila volvit Pactolus harena, 

frigida sufficient velantes inguina panni 300 

exiguusque cibus, mersa rate naufragus assem 

dum rogat et picta se tempestate tuetur 

Tantis parta malis cura majore metuque 
servantur. misera est magni custodia census, 
dispositis praedives amis vigilare cohortem 305 

servorum noctu Licinus jubet, attonitus pro 
electro signisque suis Phrygiaque columna 
atque ebore et lata testudine. dolia nudi 
non ardent eynici ; si fregeris, altera fiet 



100 D.IVNII IVVENALIS 

eras domus, atque eadem plumbo commissa manebit. 310 

sensit Alexander, testa cum vidit in ilia 

magnum habitatorem, quanto felicior hie, qui 

nil cuperet, quam qui totum sibi posceret orbem, 

passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus. 

nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia ; nos te, 315 

nos facimus, For tuna, deam. mensura tamen quae 

sufficiat census, si quis me consulat, edam : 

in quantum sitis atque fames et frigora poscunt, 

quantum, Epicure, tibi parvis suffecit in hortis, 

quantum Socratici ceperunt ante penates. 320 

numquam aliut natura, aliut sapientia dicit. 

acribus exemplis videor te cludere ? misce 

ergo aliquid nostris de moribus, effice summam, 

bis septem ordinibus quam lex dignatur Othonis. 

haec quoque si rugam trahit extenditque labellum, 325 

sume duos equites, fac tertia quadringenta. 

si nondum inplevi gremium, si panditur ultra, 

nee Croesi fortuna umquam nee Persica regna 

sufficient animo nee divitiae Narcissi, 

indulsit Caesar cui Claudius omnia, cujus 330 

paruit imperiis uxorem occidere jussus. 

XV. 

Quis nescit, Volusi Bithynice, qualia demens 
Aegyptus portenta colat ? crocodilon adorat 
pars haec, ilia pavet saturam serpentibus ibin. 
effigies sacri nitet aurea cercopitheci, 



SATVRA XV. 101 

dimidio magicae resonant ubi Memnone chordae 5 

atque vetus Thebe centum jacet obruta portis. 

illic aeluros, hie piscem fluminis, illic 

oppida tota canem venerantur, nemo Dianam. 

porrum et cepe nefas violare et frangere morsu : 

o sanctas gentes, quibus haec nascuntur in hortis 10 

numina ! lanatis animalibus abstinet omnis 

mensa, nefas illic fetum jugulare capellae : 

carnibus humanis vesci licet, attonito cum 

tale super cenam facinus narraret Ulixes 

Alcinoo, bilem aut risum fortasse quibusdam 15 

moverat, ut mendax aretalogus. ' in mare nemo 

hunc abicit saeva dignum veraque Charybdi, 

fingentem inmanis Laestrygonas atque Cyclopas ? 

nam citius Scyllam vel concurrentia saxa 

Cyaneis, plenos et tempestatibus utres 20 

crediderim, aut tenui percussum verbere Circes 

et cum remigibus grunnisse Elpenora porcis. 

tarn vacui capitis populum Phaeaca putavit ? ' 

sic aliquis merito nondum ebrius et minimum qui 

de Corcyraea temetum duxerat urna ; 25 

solus enim haec Ithacus nullo sub teste canebat. 

nos miranda quidem, set nuper consule Junco 

gesta super calidae referemus moenia Copti, 

nos volgi scelus et cunctis graviora cothurnis ; 

nam scelus, a Pyrra quamquam omnia syrmata volvas, 30 

nullus aput tragicos populus facit. accipe nostro 

dira quod exemplum feritas produxerit aevo. 

12 



102 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

Inter finitimos vetus atque antiqua simultas, 
inmortale odium et numquam sanabile vulnus 
ardet ad hue, Ombos et Tentyra. sumnius utrimque 35 
inde furor vulgo, quod numina vicinorum 
odit uterque locus, cum solos credat habendos 
esse deos, quos ipse colit. set tempore festo 

' alterius populi rapienda occasio cunctis 

visa inimicorum primoribus ac ducibus, ne 40 

laetum hilaremque diem, ne magnae gaudia cenae 

sentirent, positis ad templa et compita mensis 

pervigilique toro, quern nocte ac luce jacentem 

Septimus interdum sol invenit. (horrida sane 

Aegyptos, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi, 45 

barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo.) 

adde quod et facilis victoria de madidis et 

blaesis atque mero titubantibus. inde virorum 

saltatus nigro tibicine, qualiacumque 

unguenta et flores multaeque in fronte coronae ; 50 

hinc jejunum odium, sed jurgia prima sonare 

incipiunt animis ardentibus, liaec tuba rixae. 

dein clamore pari concurritur, et vice teli 

saevit nuda manus. paucae sine vulnere malae, 

vix cuiquam aut nulli toto certamine nasus 55 

integer ; aspiceres jam cuncta per agmina vultus 

* dimidios, alias facies et hiantia ruptis 
ossa genis, plenos oculorum sanguine pugnos. 
ludere se credunt ipsi tamen et pueriles 
exercere acies, quod nulla cadavera calcent : 60 



SATVRA XV. 103 

et sane quo tot rixantis milia turbae, 

si vivunt omnes ? ergo acrior impetus, et jam 

saxa inclinatis per humum quaesita lacertis 

incipiunt torquere, domestica seditioni 

tela, nee hunc lapidem qualis et Turnus et Ajax, 65 

vel quo Tydides percussit pondere coxam 

Aeneae, sed quern valeant emittere dextrae 

illis dissimiles et nostro tempore natae. 

nam genus hoc vivo jam decrescebat Homero ; 

terra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos. 70 

ergo deus, quicumque aspexit, ridet et odit. 

A deverticulo repetatur fabula. postquam, 
subsidiis aucti, pars altera promere ferrum 
audet et infestis pugnam instaurare sagittis : 
terga fuga celeri praestant instantibus Ombis 75 

qui vicina colunt umbrosae Tentyra palmae. 
labitur hinc quidam nimia formidine cursum 
praecipitans, capiturque. ast ilium in plurima sectum 
frusta et particulas, ut multis mortuus unus 
sufficeret, totum corrosis ossibus edit 80 

victrix turba ; nee ardenti decoxit aeno 
aut veribus ; longum usque adeo tardumque putavit 
expectare focos, contenta cadavere crudo. 
hie gaudere libet, quod non violaverit ignem, 
quern summa caeli raptum de parte Prometheus 85 

donavit terris : elemento gratulor, et te 
exultare reor. sed qui mordere cadaver 
sustinuit, nil umquam hac carne libentius edit. 



104 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

nam scelere in tanto ne quaeras et dubites an 

prima voluptatem gula senserit ; ultimus autem 90 

qui stetit absumpto jam toto corpore, ductis 

per terram digitis aliquid de sanguine gustat. 

Vascones, haec fama est, alimentis talibus olim 

produxere animas : sed res diversa, sed illic 

fortunae invidia est bellorumque ultima, casus 95 

extremi, longae dira obsidionis egestas. 

[hujus enim, quod nunc agitur, miserabile debet 

exemplum esse cibi, sicut modo dicta mihi gens] 

post omnes herbas, post cuncta animalia, quidquid 

cogebat vacui ventris furor, hostibus ipsis 100 

pallorem ac maciem et tenues miserantibus artus, 

membra aliena fame lacerabant, esse parati 

et sua. quisnam hominum veniam dare quisve deorum 

ventribus abnueret dira atque inmania passis, 

et quibus illorum poterant ignoscere manes, 105 

quorum corporibus vescebantur ? melius nos 

Zenonis praecepta monent ; nee enim omnia, quaedam 

pro vita facienda putant : sed Cantaber unde 

stoicus, antiqui praesertim aetate Metelli ? 

nunc totus Graias nostrasque habet orbis Athenas, 110 

Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos, 

de conducendo loquitur jam rhetore Thyle. 

nobilis ille tamen populus, quern diximus, et par 

virtute atque fide, sed major clade, Zagynthos, 

tale quid excusat : Maeotide saevior ara 115 

Aegyptos. quippe ilia nefandi Taurica sacri 



SATVKA XV. 105 

inventrix homines (ut jam quae carmina tradunt 

digna fide credas) tantum immolat, ulterius nil 

aut gravius cultro timet hostia. quis modo casus 

impulit hos? quae tanta fames infestaque vallo 120 

arma coegerunt tarn detestabile monstrum 

audere ? anne aliam terra Memphitide sicca 

invidiam facerent nolenti surgere Nilo? 

qua nee terribiles Cimbri nee Britones umquam 

Sauromataeque truces aut immanes Agathyrsi, 125 

hac saevit rabie inbelle et inutile vulgus, 

parvula fictilibus solitum dare vela phaselis 

et brevibus pictae remis incumbere testae. 

nee poenam sceleri invenies, nee digna parabis 

supplicia his populis, in quorum- mente pares sunt 130 

et similes ira atque fames, mollissima corda 

humano generi dare se natura fatetur, 

quae lacrimas dedit ; haec nostri pars optima sensus. 

plorare ergo jubet causam dicentis amici 

squaloremque rei, pupillum ad jura vocantem 135 

circumscriptorem, cujus manantia fletu 

ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli. 

naturae imperio gemimus, quum funus adultae 

virginis occurrit vel terra clauditur infans 

et minor igne rogi. quis enim bonus et face dignus 140 

arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse sacerdos, 

ulla aliena sibi credit mala ? separat hoc nos 

a grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli 

sortiti ingenium divinorumque capaces 



106 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti 145 

sensum a caelesti demissum traximus arce, 

cujus egent prona et terram spectantia. mundi 

principio indulsit communis conditor illis 

tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos 

adfectus petere auxilium et praestare juberet, 150 

dispersos trahere in populum, migrare vetusto 

de nemore et proavis habitatas linquere silvas, 

aedificare domos, laribus conjungere nostris 

tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos 

ut conlata daret fiducia, protegere armis 155 

lapsum aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem, 

communi dare signa tuba, defendier isdem 

turribus atque una portarum clave teneri. 

sed jam serpentum major concordia. parcit 

cognatis maculis similis fera. quando leoni " 160 

fortior eripuit vitam leo ? quo nemore umquam 

exspiravit aper majoris dentibus apri? 

Indica tigris agit rabida cum tigride pacem 

perpetuam, saevis inter se ccnvenit ursis. 

ast homini ferrum letale incude nefanda 165 

produxisse parum est, cum rastra et sarcula tantum 

adsueti coquere et marris ac vomere lassi 

nescierint primi gladios extendere fabri. * 

aspicimus populos, quorum non sufficit irae 

Occidisse aliquem, sed pectora, brachia, vultum 170 

crediderint genus esse cibi. quid diceret ergo, 

vel quo non fugeret, si nunc haec monstra videret 



SATVRA XVI. 107 

Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui 
tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen ? 

XVI. 

Quis numerare queat felicis praemia, Galli, 

militiae ? nam si subeuntur prospera castra, 

me pavidum excipiat tironem porta secundo 

sidere. plus etenim fati valet hora benigni, 

quam si nos Veneris commendet epistula Marti 5 

et Samia genetrix quae delectatur harena. 

Commoda tractemus primum communia, quorum 
haut minimum illud erit, ne te pulsare togatus 
audeat, immo etsi pulsetur, dissimulet, nee 
audeat excussos praetori ostendere dentes, 10 

et nigram in facie tumidis livoribus offam, 
atque oculum medico nil promittente relictum. 
Bardaicus judex datur haec punire volenti 
calceus et grandes magna ad subsellia surae, 
legibus antiquis castrorum et more Camilli 15 

servato, miles ne vallum litiget extra 
et procul a signis. justissima centurionum 
cognitio est igitur de milite, nee mihi derit 
ultio, si justae defertur causa querellae : 
tota cohors tamen est inimica, omnesque manipli 20 

consensu magno efficiunt, curabilis ut sit 
vindicta et gravior quam injuria, dignum erit ergo 
declamatoris mulino corde Vagelli, 
cum duo crura habeas, offendere tot caligas, tot 



108 D. IVNII IVVENALIS 

milia clavorum. quis tarn procul absit ab urbe 25 

praeterea, quis tarn Pylades, molem aggeris ultra 

ut veniat ? lacrimae siccentur protinus, et se 

excusaturos non sollicitemus amicos. 

* da testem ' judex cum dixerit, audeat ille 

nescio quis, pugnos qui vidit, dicere ' vidi/ 30 

et credam dignum barba dignumque capillis 

majorum. citius falsum producere testem 

contra paganum possis, quam vera loqueutem 

contra fortunam armati contraque pudorem. 

Praemia nunc alia atque alia emolumenta notemus 35 
sacramentorum. convallem ruris aviti 
improbus aut campum mihi si vicinus ademit, 
et sacrum effodit medio de limite saxum, 
quod mea cum patulo coluit puis annua libo, 
debitor aut sumptos pergit non reddere nummos, 40 

vana supervacui dicens chirographa ligni, 
expectandus erit qui lites inchoet annus 
totius populi. sed tunc quoque mille ferenda 
taedia, mille morae : totiens subsellia tantum 
sternuntur ; jam facundo ponente lacernas 45 

Caedicio et Fusco jam micturiente, parati 
digredimur, lentaque fori pugnamus harena. 
ast illis, quos arma tegunt et balteus ambit, 
quod placitum est ipsis praestatur tempus agendi, 
nee res atteritur longo sufflamine litis. 50 

Solis praeterea testandi militibus jus 
vivo patre datur ; nam quae sunt parta labore 



SATVRA XVI. 109 

militiae, placuit non esse in corpore census, 
omne tenet cujus regimen pater, ergo Coranum 
signorum comitem castrorumque aera merentem 55 

quamvis jam tremulus cap tat pater, hunc favor aequus 
provehit et pulchro reddit sua dona labori. 
ipsius certe ducis hoc referre videtur, 
ut, qui fortis erit, sit felicissimus idem, 
ut laeti phaleris omnes et torquibus omnes. 60 

K 




A. PER SI I FLACCI 
SATVEA V. 



<>**;© 



Vattbus hie mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, 

centum ora et linguas optare in carmina centum, 

fabula seu maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, 

vulnera seu Parthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum. 

' Quorsum haec ? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 5 

ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti ? 

grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, 

si quibus aut Prognes, aut si quibus olla Thyestae 

fervebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi ; 

tu neque anhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 10 

foile premis ventos, nee clauso murmure raucus 

nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, 

nee stloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas. 

verba togae sequeris, junctura callidus acri, 

ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 15 

doctus, et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo. 

hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque Mycenis 

cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris.' 

Non equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis 

110 



A. PERSII FLACCI SATVEA V. Ill 

pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 20 

secreti loquimur ; tibi nunc, hortante Camena, 
excutienda damus praecordia, quantaque nostrae 
pars tua sit, Cornute, animae, tibi, dulcis amice, 
ostendisse juvat : pulsa, dinoscere cautus, 
quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae. 25 

hie ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, 
ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in pectore fixi, 
voce traham pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, 
quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. 

Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit, 30 
bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit, 
cum blandi comites, totaque impune Subura 
permisit sparsisse oculos jam candidus umbo, 
cumque iter ambiguum est, et vitae nescius error 
deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 35 

me tibi supposui : teneros tu suscipis annos 
Socratico, Cornute, sinu ; turn fallere sollers 
adposita intortos extendit regula mores, 
et premitur ratione animus, vincique laborat, 
artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 40 

tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, 
et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes : 
unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, 
atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. 
non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 45 

consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci : 
nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora Libra 



112 A. PERSII FLACCI 

Parca tenax feri, seu nata fidelibus hora 
dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum, 
Saturnumque gravem nostro Jove frangimus una : 50 
nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrum. 

Mille hominum species, et rerum discolor usus ; 
velle suura cuique est, nee voto vivitur uno. 
mercibus hie Italis mutat sub sole recenti 
rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 55 

hie satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno, 
nic campo indulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille 
in Venerem putris ; sed cum lapidosa cheragra 
fregerit articulos, veteris ramalia fagi, 
tunc crassos transisse dies, lucemque palustrem, 60 

et sibi jam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. 

At te nocturnis juvat inpallescere chartis ; 
cultor enim juvenum purgatas inseris aures 
fruge Cleanthea. petite hinc, puerique senesque, 
finem animo certum, miserisque viatica canis ! 65 

' Cras hoc fiet.' Idem eras fiet. ' Quid ? quasi magnum 
nempe diem donas ? ' Sed cum lux altera venit, 
jam cras hesternum consumpsimus : ecce aliud cras 
egerit hos annos, et semper paulum erit ultra, 
nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 70 

vertentem sese, frustra sectabere cantum, 
cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo. 

Libertate opus est : non hac, ut, quisque Velina 
Publius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far 
possidet. heu steriles veri, quibus una Quiritem 75 



SATVRA V. 113 

vertigo facit ! hie Dama est non tressis agaso, 

vappa lippus, et in tenui farragine mendax : 

verterit hunc dominus, momento turbinis exit 

Marcus Dama. papae ! Marco spondente, recusas 

credere tu nummos? Marco sub judice palles? 80 

Marcus dixit : ita est ; adsigna, Marce, tabellas. 

haec mera libertas ! hoc nobis pillea donant ! 

' An quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam 

cui licet, ut voluit ? licet ut volo vivere : non sum 

liberior Bruto ? ' " Mendose colligis," inquit 85 

stoicus hie, aurem mordaci lotus aceto ; 

" haec reliqua accipio ; licet illud et ut volo tolle." 

' Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, 

cur mihi non liceat, jussit quodcumque voluntas, 

excepto si quid Masuri rubrica vetavit?* 90 

Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, 

dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. 

non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum 

officia, atque usum rapidae permittere vitae : 

sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. 95 

stat contra ratio, et secretam garrit in aurem 

ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo. 

publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, 

ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. 

diluis helleborum, certo conpescere puncto 100 

nescius examen ? vetat hoc natura medendi. 

navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, 

luciferi rudis, exclamet Melicerta perisse 
8 — Juv. K 2 



114 A. PEESII FLACCI 

frontem de rebus, tibi recto vivere talo 

ars dedit? et veri speciem dinoscere calles, 105 

ne qua subaerato mendosuni tinniat auro ? 

quaeque sequenda forent, quaeque evitanda vicissim, 

ilia prius creta, mox haec carbone, notasti ? 

es modicus voti ? presso lare ? dulcis amicis ? 

jam nunc astringas, jam nunc granaria laxes? 110 

inque luto fixum possis transcendere nummum, 

nee glutto sorbere salivam Mercurialem ? 

' haec mea sunt, teneo ' cum vere dixeris, esto 

liberque ac sapiens, praetoribus ac Jove dextro ; 

sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 115 

pelliculam veterem retines, et fronte politus 

astutam vapido servas in pectore vulpem, 

quae dederam supra relego, funemque reduco : 

nil tibi concessit ratio ; digitum exere, peccas, 

et quid tarn parvum est ? sed nullo ture litabis, 1 20 

haereat in stultis brevis ut semuncia recti. 

haec miscere nefas ; nee, cum sis cetera fossor, 

tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Bathylli. 

' Liber ego.' Unde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus ? 

an dominum ignoras, nisi quern vindicta relaxat? 125 

' I, puer, et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer ! ' 

si increpuit, ' cessas nugator ? ' servitium acre 

te nihil inpellit, nee quicquam extrinsecus intrat, 

quod nervos agitet ; sed si intus et in jecore aegro 

nascuntur domini, qui tu impunitior exis 130 

atque hie, quern ad strigiles scutica et metus egit erilis? 



SATVRA V. 115 

Mane piger stertis. ' Surge ! ' inquit Avaritia, * heia 
surge ! ' Negas ; instat, ' Surge ! ' inquit. " Non queo." 

'Surge!' 
" Et quid agam ? " ' Rogitas ? en saperdam advehe 

Ponto, 
castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica Coa ; 135 

tolle recens primus piper ex sitiente camello ; 
verte aliquid ; jura.' " Sed Juppiter audiet." ' Eheu ! 
baro, regustatum digito terebrare salinum 
contentus perages, si vivere cum Jove tendis ! ' 
jam pueris pellem succinctus et oenophorum aptas : 140 
1 Ocius ad navem ! ' nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta 
Aegaeum rapias, ni sollers Luxuria ante 
seductum moneat ' Quo deinde, insane, ruis ? quo ? 
quid tibi vis ? calido sub pectore mascula bilis 
intumuit, quod non extinxerit urna cicutae? 145 

tun' mare transilias ? tibi torta cannabe fulto 
cena sit in transtro, Veientanumque rubellum 
exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba ? 
quid petis ? ut nummi, quos hie quincunce modesto 
nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces ? 150 

indulge Genio, carpamus dulcia ! nostrum est 
quod vivis ; cinis et manes et fabula fies. 
vive memor leti ! fugit hora ; hoc quod loquor inde est.' 
en quid agis ? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. 
huncine, an hunc sequeris ? subeas alternus oportet 155 
ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. 
nee tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris 



J16 A. PERSII FLACCI 

parere imperio, ' rupi jam vincula ' dicas ; 

nam et luctata canis nodum abripit ; et tamen illi, 

cum fugit, a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 160 

6 Dave, cito, hoc credas jubeo, finire dolores 
praeteritos meditor : ' crudum Chaerestratus unguem 
abrodens ait haec. * An siccis dedecus obstem 
cognatis ? an rem patriam rumore sinistro 
limen ad obscenum frangam, dum Chrysidis udas 165 
ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto ? ' 
" Euge, puer, sapias ; dis depellentibus agnam 
percute." ' Sed censen ' plorabit, Dave, relicta ? ' 
" Nugaris ; solea, puer, objurgabere rubra, 
ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses ! 170 

nunc ferus et violens ; at si vocet, haud mora, dicas, 
Quidnam igitur faciam f nee nunc, cum arcessat et ultro 
supplied, accedam t Si totus et integer illinc 
exieras, nee nunc," hie, hie, quem quaerimus, hie est, 
non in festuca, lictor quam jactat ineptus. 175 

Jus habet ille sui palpo, quem ducit hiantem 
cretata ambitio ? vigila, et cicer ingere large 
rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint 
aprici meminisse senes. quid pulchrius ? at cum 
Herodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra 180 

dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucernae 
portantes violas, rubrumque amplexa catinum 
cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino : 
labra moves tacitus, recutitaque sabbata palles. 
turn nigri lemures, ovoque pericula rupto, 185 



SATVRA V. 



117 



turn grandes Galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos 
incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non 
praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alii. 
Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, 
continuo crassum ridet Fulfennius ingens, 
et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur. 



190 




NOTES. 



119 



P codicis Pithoeani nunc Montepessulani lectio genuina . ubi quid 

erasum est neque legi potuit * * indicatum est. 
S scholiorum lectiones ipsis litteris, lemmatibus maxime, scriptae. 
2 scholiorum lectiones, de quibus interpretatione coniecturam ca- 

pere licet. 
u> codices interpolati uel omnes uel plurimi. ' 
r codices interpolati aliquot, maxime recentiores. Ad hos perti- 
nent 

p codicis Pithoeani manus secunda. 
r codicis Vaticani palimpsesti fragmentum. 
a codex bibliothecae Laurentianae, saec. xi. 
b codex bibliothecae Sangallensis, saec. ix. 
c codex bibliothecae Einsiedlensis, saec. x. 
d codex bibliothecae Parisiensis 8070, saec. xii. 
t codex bibliothecae Parisiensis 4883 A. 
/ codex bibliothecae Parisiensis 8071, saec. x. 
g codex bibliothecae Parisiensis 7900, saec. ix. 
h codex bibliothecae Vaticanae Vrbinas 661. 
v excerpta e codice Vossiano apud Cortium et Fabricium* — 
Jahn. 

120 



NOTES. 
SATIRE I. 



o>*<o 



ARGUMENT. 



1-14. "Must I be forever a passive listener to epics, comedies, 
elegies, and tragedies ? Am I never to retaliate upon those wretched 
poetasters by whom, at every turn, the legends of the Argonauts and 
Centaurs are dinned in our ears ? 

15-18. " I, too, have flinched from the master's cane; I, too, in the 
school of rhetoric, have urged Sulla to abdicate. Why should not I, 
then, waste ink and paper with the rest of the world ? 

19-50. " I will follow in the track of Lucilius. As a eunuch weds, 
as a virago spears boars in the amphitheatre, as my old barber vies 
with Rome's whole nobility in his single wealth, as Crispinus, the 
spawn of the Nile, flaunts it in a purple cloak, and daintily airs 
light summer-rings, 't is hard not to write satire. Who could hold 
his peace when Matho fills his new sedan with his swollen self, and 
the spy of spies goes by, who will soon despatch the remnant of 
Rome's nobles, as he has already betrayed his lord and friend ? 
when a scoundrel robs his ward, and compels him to eat the bread 
of shame ? when Marius, mulcted in fame not in purse, sits down 
in exile to carouse a full hour before Rome dines, while plundered 
Africa cries out upon the barren verdict ? 

51-72. " These themes, surely, are worthier the midnight lamp of 
Horace than all the threadbare romances, labors of Hercules, ' re- 
turn' of Diomed, the Minotaur's bellowing, the aiiy voyage of 
Daedalus, and the headlong plunge of Icarus. Is it a time' for toys 
like these, when the gallant's estate, denied by law to the wife, is 
taken by the pander husband, who winks at his own shame ? when 
a youth of ancient lineage holds it no sin by the profits of a military 
command to retrieve his inheritance wasted upon grooms, or furious 
drives along the Flaminian way, himself stooping to guide the reins, 
showing off his skill to his mistress ? Fain must I fill every leaf of 
my tablets, even in the middle of the street, as there sweeps lordly 

L 121 



122 NOTES. 

by, lolling in an open sedan, courting the public gaze, the forger, 
enriched at the cost of a few lines of writing and a moistened signet. 
The matron fronts us to our face, who, when her lord calls for wine, 
drugs the cup with toad's juice, and trains country cousins to carry 
out their husbands' spotted corpses amid the whispers of the crowd. 

73-80. " Stoutly sin, if you would be something in this .world. 
Virtue is praised, and starves. 'T is crime that wins parks, mansions, 
costly tablets, embossed beakers. Who can sleep, for incest and pre- 
cocious crime ? If nature is grudging, scorn indites the verse, the 
best it can, such as I write — or Cluvienus. 

81-150. " The whole range of human life since the flood, all its pas- 
sions and interests, is my theme. The gambler stakes his fortune, 
leaving his page the while in tatters ; the great add palace to palace, 
luxury to luxury, but for themselves alone ; poor retainers may not 
pass the threshold, where, after a jealous scrutiny, the fixed pittance 
is doled out ; praetors and tribunes themselves attend the levee, and 
are served in the order of their rank ; but a wealthy freedman claims 
precedence, for Mammon is the god we worship. The dole is an 
item in a consul's revenue ; can the poor man scorn it, who has 
nothing else ? Great ladies in their palanquins follow their husbands 
for a second dole; sometimes the empty palanquin deceives the 
steward. After a long day's attendance, clients disperse to their 
dinner of herbs ; while the ' king ' and patron devours an estate at a 
solitary board. Excess will cut short his days, and he will die un- 
wept. Nothing will remain for after times to add to our corruption ; 
posterity will but ape our acts and our desires ; all vice has settled at 
its zenith : poet, hoist sail, shake out every stitch of canvas ! 

150-171. " Here, perhaps, you may ask, i Whence a genius equal 
to the theme ? whence that bluntness wherewith the ancients wrote 
off as their blood boiled within them whatever they list? Set forth 
Tigellinus, and you will light up the amphitheatre by night amidst 
those pine fagots, by which they burn as they stand, who smoke 
with pierced breast, and your body will be dragged with a hook 
through the midst of the arena.' W^hat, should he who administered 
poison to three uncles ride past slung upon his downy pillow, and 
thence look down with disdain upon me ? * When he shall meet 
you, lay your finger on your lip. 'T is defamation but to say, That 's 
he ! You may pit Aeneas against Turnus, and safely ; you may 
wound Achilles in epic verse; Hylas may drop his pitcher, and none 
will cry, not if he drown himself for company ; but let Lucilius once 
in a glow of anger draw his sword and thunder in verse, the hearer, 
whose soul is chill with guilt, blushes, his heart sweats under his 
secret sins. Count well the cost, then, before the trumpet sounds to 
battle; the plumed combatant repents too late.' 

" If it be so hazardous to touch the living, I will try what may be 
said against those whose ashes lie entombed by the highway side." — 
Mayor (with modifications). 

This satire must have been published after A. D. 100, in which year 
Marius Priscus was condemned for oppression in proconsular Africa. 
The greater part of it may have been written before that date. 



SATIRE I. 123 

1. Auditor. Recitations by authors were in vogue from the days 
of Augustus to those of Hadrian. The reciters summoned their 
friends to hired rooms, or to a private house lent for the purpose by 
a wealthy patron, or to some public place, as the forum, a bath, a 
temple, or a theatre ; sometimes they button-holed those they chanced 
to meet in such places, and assailed their ears with their verses ; 
sometimes a host would inflict his poems on his guests at a dinner- 
party. The author of the Aeneid used to recite his lines ; but in 
Juvenal's time there were more Corduses than Yirgils. 

Tan turn, only. When used as a restrictive particle, tantum, like 
quoque, generally stands after the word which it limits ; yet not with- 
out exception. 

Numquamne reponam, shall I never retaliate ? Cf. Horat. Ep. i. 
19, 39 : scriptorum auditor et ultor. Literally, shall I never pay 
back? A metaphor derived from mercantile language. The verb 
may be either in the future indicative or the deliberative subjunc- 
tive ; preferably the latter. 

2. Totiens ( = toties). The poem was so long that it lasted through 
a number of recitations. 

Rauci. The wretched poet is hoarse from his long reading and 
pompous mouthing. 

Cordi. Probably a fictitious name. The Theseis would be an 
epic poem on the exploits of Theseus ; the name being formed as are 
Aeneis, Achilleis, Heracleis. Another reading here is Codri. 

3. Notice the emphatic position of impune. — Ergo, as it does often, 
denotes indignant feeling. — Recitaverit is fut. perf. indicative : 
" shall it go for nothing that one has recited, " etc. So also con- 
sumpserit. C. * 195, 4. 

Togatas, sc. fabulas, his comedies. In these plays the actors ap- 
pear in the toga, and the manners of the middle or lower classes of 
Rome are represented. The praetexta was the symbol of tragedy : 
the pallium of Greek subjects. 

4. Diem. Auditur toto saepe poeta die. Mart. xi. 70. 

4, 5. Telephus, king of Mysia and son of Hercules, was wounded 
by the spear of Achilles, and was the hero of many tragedies, both 
Greek and Roman. Ingens refers probably to the length of the 
poem ("the everlasting Telephus," E.); some have taken it, how- 
ever, of the size of the hero {giant), others of his prowess {mighty). 

5, 6. Summi — tergo (the tragedy of Orestes), written even on the 
back (of the paper), as the border to the very end of the roll is already 
full. The ancients wrote usually on one side only of the papyrus 

*C. stands for Chase's Latin Grammar. 



124 NOTES. 

or parchment, leaving a good margin. Books written on both sides 
were called opisthographi, and were also said to be written in aversa 
charta (Mart. viii. 62). Summus is used here in the sense of ex- 
tremus. Cf. Verg. Aen. ii. 324 : venit summa dies. Plena margine 
is abl. absolute. Priscian cites this passage as an example of the 
use of margo as feminine. For scriptus, J' and My. read with P, 
scribtus. The participle might have been in the feminine gender, 
as Orestes is the name of a play (fabula). Cf. Suet. vit. Ter. 2 : 
Eunuchus bis die acta est. 

7-9. There were several groves of Mars, any of which may be 
meant : as that at Colchis, in which hung the golden fleece guarded 
by a dragon ; and that "in quo Ilia peperit." The rocks of Aeolus 
are Strongyle, the modern Stromboli, one of the Aeoliae insulae 
(now Lipari islands), the abode of the king of the winds ; Vulcan' 's 
cave was in the southernmost of these islands, Hiera, which was 
regarded as the forge of Vulcan. Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 416 sqq. 
Mayor connects the allusions in these verses with the Argonauts, 
who visited Vulcan's forge and the isle of Aeolus. 

9. Agant, are about, purpose, are contriving. See Val. Fl. i. 
574 sqq. Venti. The name of their king, in the adjective Aeoliis, 
suggests the winds. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 81-123, 131-141. Early 
examples of descriptions of storms were found in the Nostoi, as the 
poems in the Epic Cycle were called, which described the homeward 
journeys of the Greek heroes after the taking of Troy. 

Torqueat, examines by torture, as a judex quaestionis. 

10. Alius, i. e. Jason. Juvenal, in his ill-humor, speaking slight- 
ingly of the whole storv, does not mention the name of the hero, but 
simply calls him another. So he refers to the golden fleece satiri- 
cally in furtivae, and contemptuously in the diminutive pelliculae 
(that sorry fleece). C. 104, 25. 

11. Monychus. A leader of the Centaurs who hurled trees upon 
the Lapithae in the quarrel at the marriage of Peirithous. The 
name retains, of course, the quantity of the Greek word, which is 
formed by syncope. C. 267, 2 ; 304. 

12. Fronto was some rich patron, who lent his grounds for recita- 
tion ; perhaps Fronto Catius, whose oratory is praised by Pliny. 

Platani. The plane was much admired for its beauty and shade. 

Marmora. The marbles, which shake at the shouts of the audience 
and re-echo the recited verses, are marble panels inlaid in the walls 
of the porticus, or slabs in the pavement. The manifest exaggera- 
tion in the terms convulsa, and ruptae corresponds with the poet's 



SATIRE I. 125 

excited feeling. Virgil, however, says cantu querulae rumpent 
arbusta cicadae (Georg. iii. 328), "shall make the woodlands ring." 

13. Adsiduo ( = assiduo) ruptae lectore. This construction is to 
be distinguished from the ablative of the voluntary agent with ab. 
When the agent is regarded simply as a means or instrument, the 
preposition is omitted ; this seldom happens, however, unless the 
noun is accompanied with an adjective or pronoun, so that it might 
(in many cases) be considered as an ablative absolute of cause. The 
adjective here is a prominent part of the meaning : the columns are 
" split " by the persistency of the recitations. 

14. Exspectes. The gnomic subjunctive, of a general maxim, in 
the second person singular, to denote the act of an indefinite sub- 
ject : (you — any one.) C. 218 ; 219, 3. 

Eadem, " sc. ut carmina et scribant et recitent." 

15. Et nos ergo, Well, then; I too have been to a grammar-school. 
— Et nos, consilium, etc. ; / too have written themes in the schools 
of rhetoric. 

16. The theses for original declamations in the schools of rhetoric 
were (1) suasoriae (as in this instance), generally on historical or 
legendary subjects (cf. Quintil. iii. 8, 53), or (2), for more advanced 
pupils, controversiae, in which legal questions were handled. The 
advice which young Juvenal in his theme gave to Sulla was that he 
should purchase sleep by resigning his dictatorship. 

Altum. This accusative is often called " adverbial/' and is well 
translated by an adverb in English ; but it is best regarded as a cog- 
nate accusative, or accusative of the inner object, altum dormiret being 
equivalent to altum somnum dormiret. So indoctum canere, magnum 
tonare,torvum clamat, dulce loquentem, perfidum ridens. C. 124, n. 1. 

17. Ubique. " In the forum and in the bath, standing, sitting, run- 
ning, in the thermae and in the swimming-bath." So Mayor, from 
references in classical writers. 

18. Vatibus, bards; here used satirically. In the time of Ennius 
vates was used contemptuously of those poets who adhered to the old 
Saturnian measure, while those who adopted the more artistic mea- 
sures and style of the Greeks were called poetae. From the time of 
Virgil and Horace, however, vates was the nobler term, like our bard 
as compared with poet. 

Periturae. The paper is sure to perish, any way ; somebody else 
will scribble on it, if I do not. 

19. Hoc decurrere campo, to run my course in this field (i. e. the 
field of satire). The metaphor here, and in equos flexit, is taken 

L2 



126 NOTES. 

from the race-course. Weidner, citing Tac. Ann. ii. 7, says that 
decurrere is the proper term for military exercises and parades. 

20. Auruncae alumnus. C. Lucilius, the father of Roman satire, 
who was born at Suessa Aurunca (now Sessa), in the southern part 
of Latiuin, and is said to have lived from B. c. 148 to B. c. 103. He 
belonged to the brilliant literary circle of which the younger Scipio 
was the centre. " The satires of Lucilius, whereof more than eight 
hundred fragments remain, were satires indeed, a medley of politics, 
manners, literature, grammar, chiefly in hexameters, partly in iam- 
bics and trochaics ; his main function was to scourge the corruption 
of the times." 

21. Placidi rationem admittitis, i. e., if you lend a kindly ear to 
the reason. Some take placidi as the gen. sing., instead of the 
nom. pi., in the sense, " If you will listen to one who is perfectly 
calm;" to which Lewis well objects that "the poet is not perfectly 
calm. He tells us, a few lines on (30, 31), that he cannot contain 
himself." 

22. Mevia stands here for any woman of rank. Fighting with 
wild beasts at the circus and amphitheatres, and engaging in gladia- 
torial combats, were permitted to women by Nero, but at length for- 
bidden by Severus A. D. 200. 

Tuscum. Cf. Stat. Silv. iv. 6, 10 : Tuscus aper generosior Umbro. 
Mart. xii. 14 : si te delectant animosa pericula, . . . Tuscis insidiemur 
apris. 

23. Nuda mamma. She was in the hunting costume of Diana 
and the Amazons. (How does the quantity of final a, shown by the 
metre, determine the case of the adjective?) 

24. Omnis. Accusative plural. 

Unus, one single man. Possibly Cinnamus, a barber, " dominae 
munere factus eques" (Mart. vii. 64). 

25. Who used to be my barber. Gravis, heavy, i. e. thick and 
luxuriant. Others, " that had grown incommodious to me," " my 
superfluous beard." 

26. Pars, appositive to Crispinus. 

Verna Canopi, a slave born-and-bred at Canopus (or Canobus), a 
dissolute seaport fifteen miles S.E. of Alexandria. — Verna "con- 
notes the gay impudence " of house-bred slaves. 

27. Crispinus, after coming from Egypt to Rome, dealt in salt- 
fish, but afterwards rose to riches and honors under Nero and Do- 
mitian, becoming princeps equitum and member of Domitian's privy 
council. Martial, with his accustomed servility to the Emperor, 
flatters his favorite. 



SATIRE I. 127 

Tyrias. The expensiveness of Tyrian purple denotes his luxury. 
The color of the true Tyrian dye was that of " clotted blood, varying 
with the light in which it was seen." 

Umero. Umerus is the original spelling of humerus. 

Revocante, " hitching up ; the mantle floats on the wind " (Mayor). 
11 Which falling off his shoulders still revoke" (Stapylton). Some 
explain the motion of the shoulders as a foppish effort to display the 
fine texture of the mantle ; " while he gathers now, now flings his 
purple open " (Gilford). The plural (lacernas) indicates the frequent 
repetition of the movement. Lacemae are light and fine mantles 
or cloaks, often of costly dye and material, worn usually over the 



28 sq. Effeminate luxury reaches its height in this picture of a 
dandy who has a lighter set of rings in summer than for winter. 

Ventilet, etc. " He airs his summer-ring, waving his hand to dis- 
play it ; " or he fans himself with his hand, and thus his glittering 
ring plays in the sunlight. 

29. Pondera. The plural is either ironical, the heavy weight, or 
generalizes the expression. 

30 sq. Iniquae tarn patiens urbis, so tolerant of the toum's ini- 
quities. Macleane. 

32. Causidicus is a title that Cicero uses with more or less con- 
tempt. The proper words for an " advocate " are orator and patronus, 
Macleane. 

Lectica. A sedan or palankeen. 

Matho, a pettifogging lawyer, is again spoken of as a bankrupt 
(vii. 129) and as a wind-bag (xi. 34). He makes a display of wealth 
to give a notion of success and attract clients. 

33. Plena ipso, " crammed with himself" or " filled by his lord- 
ship." The lectica had room for two persons of ordinary size. 

Delator. The reference is probably to any notorious informer. 

34 sq. Cito — superest, about to clutch, ere long, all that remains 
of the devoured nobility. — Nobilitas — nobiles. " So levis armatura, 
juventus, mortalitas, peregrinitas, senectus." — Comesa, i. e. whose 
goods have been devoured, both by the exactions of the emperor 
and the rewards or blackmail of the informers. See the citations in 
Heinrich and Mayor. 

35 sq. Massa, according to the scholiast, was a favorite mounte- 
bank of Nero's, and Carus a dwarf. But it is more probable that 
the reference is to the notorious informers Baebius Massa (Tacit. 
Hist. iv. 50; Agric. 45) and Carus Mettius (Agric. 45). Their fear 



128 NOTES. 

of Juvenal's delator depicts him as one of those quos timent etiam 
qui timentur (Sidon. Ep. v. 57). 

Latinus, a mime-player under Doniitian, and himself a notorious 
spy, propitiates the more powerful informer by secretly sending him 
the actress Thymele. 

46. Gregibus comitum. Crowds of attendants, as clients and 
slaves, incommoding the people in the streets. 

46 sq. Hie spoliator — prostantis, this plunderer of his ward, 
(who is in consequence) living in shame. 

47 sqq. Et hie (another), i. e. Marius, damnatus inani judicio, etc. 
Marius Priscus, who had been proconsul in Africa, was accused of 
cruelty and extortion by the AM A. D. 99, Pliny and Tacitus were 
ordered to prosecute. The case was heard in the senate, Jan. 100, 
before Trajan, then consul. Marius was condemned to pay 700,000 
sesterces (about $27,000) into the treasury, and exiled ; yet he retained 
the greater part of his spoils, and lived in luxury. — The judicium 
was inane (empty, idle, ineffectual), because it left him gorged with 
his ill-gotten wealth. 

48. Sal vis nummis. Ablative absolute. 

Infamia. " By the lex Julia repetundarum passed by Caesar in 
his first consulship, B. C. 59, the penalties for extortion were a four- 
fold fine, expulsion from the senate, exile in graver cases, and the 
degree of infamia called intestabilitas, which excluded the con- 
demned from giving evidence, prosecuting, or sitting as judices." 
Mayor. 

49. Exul, (though) in exile. 

Ab octava (sc. hora), i. e. two o'clock. The usual hour for dining 
was the ninth (three o'clock) ; sometimes as late as the tenth or 
later. An early dinner was luxurious, as breaking into the working 
day. Cf. Horat. Carm. i. 1, 20 ; Sat. ii. 8, 3. — Bibit here connotes 
excess. Mayor. 

Fruitur dis iratis, enjoys (makes himself only the more comfort- 
able under) the anger of the gods. " A parody of Sen. Here. Fur. 
33, 34, where Juno says of Hercules super at et crescit malis, iraque 
nostra fruitur." 

50. Victrix. A forensic term, of one victorious in a suit. 

51. Credam, agitem. Questions of appeal. 

Venusina lacerna, the Venusian lamp, the midnight (or early 
morning) lamp of Horace, who was born at Venusia : i. e. " lucu- 
brations in the style of" the Venusian satirist. Cf. Horat. Epist. ii. 
1, 112 sq., i. 2, 34 sq. " There is also an allusion " (Mayor says) " to 



SATIRE I. 129 

the scorching heat of satire, and its fierce glare (cf. the lantern of 
Diogenes, seeking a man)." 

52. Agitem, pursue, handle (these themes). 

Quid magis, sc. agitem. 

Heracleas, Diomedeas, Heracleids, Diomedeids ; epics on the ad- 
ventures of Hercules or Dioniedes. The form is the same as in 
Odyssea. 

54. Puero (i. e. Icaro). Best taken as ablative of instrument, "as 
it is the boy's dead weight " (well says Mayor) " that strikes the sea." 
See note on verse 13 supra. Simcox considers puero as dative of 
disadvantage (wrongly called dative of the agent), " the sea which 
the boy found he had struck." C. 173, 4. 

Fabrum, joiner; a term applied in sarcastic depreciation to this 
consummate artist Daedalus. 

55 sq. " By the lex Voconia (B. c. 169) no citizen of the first class 
(classicus) y i. e. whose estate was assessed at 100,000 asses or more, 
could make a woman his heir. But the law might be evaded by 
bequeathing the estate to a third party in trust for the woman." 
Here the pander husband, wittolly conniving at his wife's guilt, " is 
the her es fiduciaries of the rich adulterer; and may himself claim, 
for his risk as trustee, the fourth part of the inheritance." 

Capiendi, of receiving the inheritance. 

56. Spectare lacunar. As if wrapt in thought. Or the beauty of 
the ceiling, gilt and inlaid with ivory, might be an excuse for distrac- 
tion. Sometimes the panels in the ceiling shifted, and displayed 
scene after scene to the guests. Mayor. C. 244, 3. 

57. Ad calicem, over his cup. Cf. Cic. pro Coel. 28, 67 : nonnum- 
quam etiam ad vinum diserti sint. Ov. Trist. v. 3, 4 : ad tua vina. 

59 sq. Caret . . . censu, has lost all his family estate (of a senator 
or knight), squandering it on his stables; and hence seeks a mili- 
tary command for his maintenance. On caret cf. Cic. Tusc. i. 36 : 
Triste enim est nomen ipsum carendi, quia subjicitur haec vis : habuit, 
non habet ; desiderat, requirit, indiget. 

61. Flaminiam ( viam) . The Flaminian Way was the great northern 
road from Rome, extending to Ariminum. It was begun in the censor- 
ship of C. Flaminius, Hannibal's unfortunate opponent. Skirting 
the Campus Martius (where it is now the Corso) it left the city by 
the porta Flaminia (now porta del popolo). It was much fre- 
quented. 

Puer Automedon, {like a) young Automedon. As we might say, 
the young Jehu. Automedon was the charioteer of Achilles. 
9— Juv. 



130 NOTES. 

61, 62. Nam — amicae. Himself his own page, he shows himself 
off to his brazen-faced mistress, who wears a man's cloak, — his 
" Bloomer mistress " Mayor calls her. 

63. Nonne libet, does not one feel inclined, 

Ceras. " Pugillares" or tablets, which were thin pieces of wood 
usually of an oblong shape, covered over with wax on the inner 
sides. They were fastened together at the back by means of wires 
(for hinges), so that they opened and shut like our books; and to 
prevent the wax of one tablet rubbing against the wax of the other, 
there was a raised margin around each. The wax was written on 
by means of the stilus. Diet. Antiq. 

64. Sexta c er vice = sea; cervicibus. The chair is carried on the 
shoulders of six slaves. — The subject of feratur is signator (67). 

65. Patens, exposed (to view). 

In what case is nuda cathedra ? (Scan the line.) — Nuda paene, 
almost uncovered or unveiled, i. e. with the curtains drawn. — The 
cathedra was used chiefly by women. " In the sella (line 124) you 
sat, in the lectica (32) you reclined, and in the cathedra you were 
able to loll." 

66. Reminding you strongly of the way in which Maecenas used 
to sprawl. Simcox. Maecenas was notorious for his luxury and 
effeminacy. Referens, recalling. 

67 sq. A friend, called in at the mortal agony to give validity by 
his signature to the will, takes that opportunity to deceive the tes- 
tator. Mayor. 

Signator falso, the signer and sealer of a forged will. With our 
punctuation (which is both the traditional one and adopted by all 
the recent editors except Mayor), the syntax of falso cannot be ex- 
plained without some difficulty. It has been regarded (1) as an 
adverb, qualifying the noun like an adjective (see Nagelsbach's 
Stilistik \ 75) ; (2) as an ablative, and (3) as a dative : in the last 
two cases instrumento (J. F. Gronovius) or signo (Heinrich) being 
supplied, or falsum being taken as a substantive in the sense of a 
forgery (as the term is used in the Roman law; cf. Plin. Ep. ii. 20, 
12) or a forged instrument. Mayor follows Turnebus and Ruperti 
in punctuating signator, falso, etc., which punctuation Madvig ap- 
proves in case his own conjecture signato falso be not adopted. 
With Mayor's pointing, falso would be translated by forgery. The 
best conjectural readings are signator falsus and signator falsi. 

Lautum, " genteel ; '' a gentleman. — Beatum, rich. 

68. His high respectability and wealth cost him two little tablets, 



SATIRE I. 131 

on which he writes the forged will, — (" it would be enough to say 
(Gaius ii. 117) Tithes heres esto or Titiam heredem esse jubeo"), — 
and the trouble of moistening his ring to get a clean impression in 
attaching his signet. 

69. Occurrit, sc. mihi. — Matrona potens, some powerful matron ; 
or the powerful matron, for dramatic individualization. There were 
many instances of the infamous crime here described among women 
of high rank in Rome. 

Ribbeck places the four verses 69-72 between verses 76 and 77. 

70. Viro sitiente. Generally explained as abl. absolute: a rare 
construction, where the noun in the abl., in the parenthetical clause, 
might have been expected to stand in the main clause (here in the 
dat., after porrectura). Weidner feels constrained by the position of 
the words to take viro as dat. and supply eo with sitiente. But a 
dative is unnecessary here, or at least can be left to be supplied in 
the mind (e. g. ei). Translate: who, about to offer mild Calenian, 
when her husband is thirsty ', mixes with it the bramble-toad. 

71. Melior, an improvement on. Lucusta was a professional 
poisoner, employed by Agrippina to poison Claudius, and by Nero 
to poison Britannicus. Galba ordered her to be executed. 

73. Aud' aliquid. Notice the elision of the long syllable in the 
first thesis. See L. Muller, de re metr. 286 sqq. 

74. Aliquid, the reading of the MSS. (Po) is stronger than the 
aliquis of many editors. Cf. Cic. in Caecil. 48 : ut tu turn aliquid 
esse videare. Plin. Ep. i. 23, 2 : erraverim fortasse qui me aliquid 
putavi. Plat. Apol. ad fin. lav hoK&oi n eivai iirjdh fores. C. 119, 4. 

Gyaros, a small rocky island among the Cyclades, was used as a 
place of deportation of the worst criminals. 
76. Stantem, standing out in bold relief. 
78. Praetextatus, i. e. " in his teens." 

80. Cluvienus. Some obscure poetaster, otherwise unknown. 

81. Ex quo, from the time when. 

83. Mollia. Cf. Ov. Met. i. 400 sqq. Proleptic. Remember, how- 
ever, in translation, that our own language admits of prolepsis. 

84. Pyrra = Pyrrha. The wife of Deucalion. Ov. Met. i. 260 sqq. 
86. Discursus, restless pursuits, men's uneasy runnings to and fro, 

or runnings and chasings, after wealth and honor, or even lower 
objects. In this meaning it is a word of the silver age. Cf. Sen. 
ad Ser. de ot. 6, 5 : discursus et sudor. Brev. int. 3, 2 : ofliciosa per 
urbem discursatio. 
Est follows the number of the predicate farrago, as it commonly 



132 NOTES. 

does when the predicate is a substantive and the copula follows 
immediately upon it. C. Ill, 3. 

87. Et often begins an indignant question. Hand Turs. ii. p. 492. 

87 sq. Quando — sinus, i. e. When were the sails of avarice more 
widely spread ? Three other translations have been proposed : viz. : 
(1) When did a larger haven lie open to avarice? (2) When did the 
gulf of avarice yawn wider? (3) When did the toga fold of avarice 
open wider (i. e. to pocket her gains) ? 

Alea . . . animos. Supply habuit. — Hos = tales, 

89 sq. Men do not go to the gaming-table with their purses only, 
but they stake their money-chests. Tabulae, sc. aleatoriae. Loculi 
(in this sense plurale tantum masculinum) were small coffers, of 
wood or ivory, in which money, jewels, or other valuables were 
kept; here distinguished from the large arca y a "strong-box" or 
money-chest, bound with iron. 

91 sq. The cashier or steward is the arms-bearer, the arms in this 
battle being coins. " The word dispensator, like dispendium, pensio, 
pound, stipendium, recalls the time when money was weighed for 
every payment." Mayor. 

93. Reddere, here, as often, means to give as in duty bound; to 
give one what is his due. 

94. Quis avus. 

Fercula septem. Augustus contented himself with three courses, 
or, when he had guests, with six at most. Suet. 74. 

95. Secreto. Contrary to the advice of Epicurus : " Choose your 
company first, and then your provision. For it is a lion's life or a 
wolfs to gorge without a friend." Sen. Ep. 19, 10. 

Sportula. " In the days of Roman freedom, clients were in the 
habit of testifying respect for their patron by thronging his atrium 
at an early hour, and escorting him to places of public resort when 
he went abroad. As an acknowledgment of these courtesies, some of 
the number were usually invited to partake of the evening meal. 
After the extinction of liberty, the presence of such guests, who had 
now lost all political importance, was soon regarded as irksome, while 
at the same time many of the noble and wealthy were unwilling to 
sacrifice the pompous display of a numerous body of retainers. 
Hence the practice, under the empire, of bestowing upon each client, 
when he presented himself for his morning visit, a certain portion 
of food as a substitute for the occasional invitation to a regular sup- 
per (cena recta), and this dole, being carried off in a little basket 
provided for the purpose, received the name of sportula. For the 



SATIRE I. 133 

sake of convenience, it became common to give an equivalent in 
money, the sum established by general usage being a hundred quad- 
rantes. In the atrium, the servus nomenclator handed the money over 
at the morning visit of salutation, at which the clients were obliged 
to appear in the toga. The donation in money, however, did not entire- 
ly supersede the sportula given in kind. (See Satire iii. 249 sq.)" 

97. Ille. The patron. 

Inspicit, scrutinizes, pries into, examines search ingly. 

99. The nomenclator, or slave who calls out the names of the 
people, is here called ironically praeco, " his lordship's crier" 

100. Trojugenas. " The older families claimed a mythical descent 
from the Trojan Aeneas and his companions ; as the Julia gens from 
lulus, the Sergia gens from Sergius, the Memmii from Mnestheus." 

Vexant, "infest." 

101. Da, etc. The words of the master to the dispensator. 
104. Fenestrae, holes (for ear-rings). 

105 sq. Quinque . . . parant, my Jive shops bring me in an income 
of four hundred thousand sesterces, which was a knight's estate. 
With quadringenta supply sestertia. Another interpretation of 
quinque tabemae, based upon Livy xxvi. 27, is given by Heinrich 
after Dusaulx, and meets with much favor among recent editors: 
viz., the Jive banking-houses bring me in, etc., — alluding to the 
man's transactions on 'change. This last translation, however, is 
rejected by Becker (i. 297) and by Mayor. 

106. Purpura major, i. e. the latus clavus or laticlave. See Lex. 
s. vv. clavus, D., and laticlavius. 

108. Corvinus was a cognomen of the Messalae, who were a branch 
of the gens Valeria, one of the oldest families in Rome. 

Custodit conductas oves, keeps sheep for hire (i. e. as a hired 
laborer). 

109. Pallas, brother of the procurator Felix before whom Paul 
preached, was a freedman of Claudius, and was worth over two mil- 
lions "sterling. 

Licinis. Generic plural. Licinus was a Gaul, a prisoner of Julius 
Caesar who emancipated him and made him his dispensator. Under 
Augustus he amassed great wealth as procurator of Gallia. C.37,n.l. 

110. Sacro honori, etc., i. e. let him not give place to (make way 
for) the inviolable tribune, whose person was sacrosanctus. Abstract 
for concrete. 

111. Pedibus albis. Slaves newly imported are said to have had 
their feet chalked or marked with gypsum when exposed for sale. 

M 



134 NOTES. 

116. And Concord j who clatters when her nest is hailed. The 
temple of Concord (perhaps the one in the Carinae which was built 
by Camillus after the expulsion of the Gauls) had become inhabited 
by storks. The noise of the birds clapping their bills is attributed 
to the goddess. 

117. Summus honor. Another instance of the use of the abstract 
for the concrete. 

118. " Juvenal is alone in representing the rich and noble of both 
sexes as actually receiving the dole. Martial speaks only (xii. 26) 
of their going the round of morning visits." 

119. Comites, his followers, the poor clients. 

120 sq. Densissima lectica, a great crowd of litters. Cf. multo 
delatore (iv. 47), plurimus aeger (iii. 232), and the use of av%v6<; in 
Greek. 

122. Praegnas =praegnans. 

123. Petit, sc. sportulam. Absenti, sc. uxori. 

Nota jam callidus arte, by this time an adept in the profession 
which he has mastered. See the Lexicons s. v. callidus. Mayor. 

126. Quiescet, she'll be asleep ; you '11 find that she 's asleep. K. 
Fr. Hermann, cited by Mayor, compares Terent. Phorm. 801-2 : Ch. 
cognatam comperi esse nobis. De. quid ? deliras. Ch. sic e r i t ; 
non temere dico. Many editors, however, give quiescit, although P 
has the future. 

127. Rerum, of engagements: 

128. Juris peritus Apollo. In the forum of Augustus, where 
courts were held daily, there was a statue of Apollo. Having stood 
there so long listening to lawsuits, Juvenal calls him learned in the 
law. 

129. Triumphales, sc. statuas. The forum of Augustus formed 
two semicircles, one on each side of the temple of Mars Ultor, and 
in these two porticus Augustus set up statues " triumphali effigie " 
of all the great Roman conquerors. 

130. Nescio quis. Contemptuous. " Un je ne sais quoi." C. ll9, 2. 
Arabarches. As eastern Egypt from the Nile to the Red Sea bore 

the name of Arabia, the governor of Thebais (one of the three presi- 
dencies into which Egypt was divided) was also called Arabarches 
on the analogy of Asiarch. The Egyptian upstart and Arabarch 
here meant is probably Tiberius Alexander (son of Alexander Lysi- 
machus), an Egyptian Jew turned pagan, who was made procurator 
of Judaea circa 46 A. D., prefect of Egypt 66 or 67 A. D., was the 
first to proclaim Vespasian emperor, 1 July, 69, and was general-in- 
chief under Titus at the siege of Jerusalem. 



SATIRE I. 135 

131. Non tantum {not only), etc. One may, without sacrilege, 
commit more than one kind of nuisance. Lewis. Non tantum fas 
est = you may do more than — . 

132 sq. The vestibulum was an empty space before the door of the 
house, through which there was an approach from the street (Aul. 
Gell. xvi. 5). Although they had received their dole in the morn- 
ing, the clients, after following their patron about during the whole 
day and escorting him home, still hoped for an invitation to a recta 
cena. 

136. Rex, the great man, their patron. — Tantum, all alone. 

137 sq. In these lines the selfish luxury is satirized of men who, 
while having many large round tables, of costly wood and antique 
workmanship, which would serve for many guests, set out but one, 
from which they eat alone, and yet with the most lavish expense. 

139. Jam, soon. 

141. Ponit, serves up. 

141. Con-vivia. Cic. Cat. Maj. 45 : bene enim majores accubitionem 
epularem amicorum, quia vitae conjunctionem haberet, convivium 
nominaverunt. 

143. P. reads crudus. — 144. Intestata. The friends would receive 
no legacy, and hence be angry. 

145. Another reading (pw), is it nova, etc. The best recent editors 
read et with P. 

149. In praecipiti stetit, stands at its highest point, has reached 
the highest pitch. The perfect emphasizes the fact that this highest 
point has already been reached. 

Utere. The poet addresses himself. 

151. Materiae unde. Observe the hiatus before the principal cae- 
sura, a liberty not uncommon in Juvenal's hexameters. Cf. iii. 70. 

Priorum, of our forefathers. 

153. Simplicitas. Independence, frankness, openness, bold free- 
dom ; Ttapprivia. 

Cujus — an non ? The quotation is from Lucilius {supra note on 
verse 20) ; but with some modification, inasmuch as Lucilius could 
not have used audeo as a dactyl, its final syllable being in his age 
always long (L. Miiller de re metr. 336 sq.). 

154. Quid refert, what matters iff what difference does it make ? 
Dictis, jests, sarcasms. 

Mucius is the great jurist, P. Mucius Scaevola, cos. B. c. 133. He 
was an enemy to Scipio Nasica and Scipio Africanus the younger, 
the friends of Lucilius. 



136 NOTES. 

155. Pone, portray ; attempt to sketch. 

Tigellinus. The cruel and wanton favorite of Nero, and his ac- 
complice in the burning of Rome. 

Pone: lucebis, etc. (Satirize Tigellinus, and you'll fare as the 
Christians did.) This is an elegant construction, equivalent to si 
pones, lucebis. " In such cases Cicero never inserts et before the 
apodosis. Later writers insert or omit it indifferently." 

Taeda — harena, you will shine in those pine-fagots, in which 
standing victims burn and smoke with their breasts fastened to a 
stake, and you draw a wide furrow (after you) in the midst of the 
sand. Various translations have been given of this doubtful passage. 
Next to the above, I should prefer that which translates taeda in 
ilia "in that torch" or "those torches;" reference being made to 
Nero's execution of the Christians (whom he falsely charged with 
setting fire to Rome, to avert the odium of the crime from himself 
and his favorite), by covering their bodies with tar and setting fire to 
them, " that they might serve for torches and give ]ight to the spec- 
tators, they being so fastened that they could not bend their bodies." 
A similar meaning has been brought out by translating taeda " a 
pitched shirt," tunica molesta (viii. 235) ; but it would be hard to 
find authority for the use of the word taeda in that sense. 

In deducis we have the lively use of the present for the future, 
picturing the scene as if now going on. The allusion is to the drag- 
ging away of bodies through the arena, either living, for execution, 
or after death. The MSS. vary between this reading and deducit 
and diducit. In P. the last letter is erased or illegible. Deducis is 
adopted by Heinrich, Jahn, Hermann, Bibbeck, Macleane; Mayor 
and Madvig (opusc. ii. 177) read deducit, supplying in thought the 
relative quae referring to taeda. Various emendations have been 
proposed, the neatest of which (offered in the Porson tracts) is quae 
ducit. 

158. Ergo, etc. What, then, is an infamous poisoner to be borne 
aloft in luxury and look down on honest men ? 

Vehatur. An indignant question of appeal. 

159. Despiciat. So Heinrich, Ribbeck, Macleane, Mayor, after 
some MSS. Jahn and Hermann, with P., despiciet. 

Pensilibns plumis means a lectica with soft feather-bed and cush- 
ions, raised aloft on men's shoulders. Macleane. 

160. " Cum with the future, future perfect, or universal present, is 
often almost equivalent to si." G. 584; C. 217, 5. 

Veniet contra, he shall meet you. Contra = obviam. 



SATIRE I. 137 

Compesce, etc., padlock your lip with your finger. Gildersleeve. 

161. Even to say the single word " That 's he ! " would be danger- 
ous. His guilty conscience would see in you an accuser, and contrive 
severe punishment for you. 

162-4. Write of the dead and gone, if you would be safe. 

Licet committas, you may match, set fighting together, pit 
together. C. 242, 1. 

Rutulum. I. e. Turnus. 

Hylas was the armor-bearer of Hercules ; " drawing water at a 
well he was dragged in by the nymphs, and Hercules sought him 
long, sorrowing and calling upon his name, and set the people of the 
country (Mysia) to seek him." 

165. Lucilius. See note on verse 20. Cf. Horat. Sat. ii. 1, 62 sqq. ; 
Pers. Sat. i. 114 sq. 

Infremuit, has growled, or has roared. 

Frigida is used of the chill which the sense of guilt sends to the 
heart. 

167. Tacita culpa, " with concealed guilt." A cold sweat coming 
over the heart through the power of conscience and the fear of ex- 
posure is a forcible description. 

169. Animo. Another reading is anime. But the vocative seems 
the less likely in so masculine and unsentimental a writer as 
Juvenal. 

Ante tubas. Before the battle is begun. The trumpets give the 
signal both for the charge and the retreat. 

Galeatum. The man who has once put on his helmet. On the 
march, the helmet hung on the left breast, being suspended by a 
strap over the right shoulder. Soldiers are so represented on Trajan's 
pillar. 

Duelli. In the old form duellum for helium the derivation from 
duo is evident. 

171. Flaminia atque Latina, sc. via. " The chief roads leading 
out from Borne were lined for several miles with the tombs of the 
wealthier citizens, burial within the walls of the city being forbidden 
by the twelve tables." 

M2 




SATIKE III. 



ARGUMENT. 

1-9. Although I am distressed at the departure of my old friend 
Umbricius, I commend him for preferring a quiet home in Cam- 
pania to the fires and falling buildings and the thousand perils and 
the reciting poets of Ronie. 

_ 10-20. While his family and goods were all being packed into a 
single cart, Umbricius halted at the Capenian gate. Here we stepped 
down into Egeria's vale and grottoes — how all unlike the true! 
How far more manifest were the divinity of the stream, if grass 
edged its waves with green, and no marble profaned the native tufa ! 

21-57. "Since," says my friend, " there is no room for honest 
industry at Rome, I will find a home elsewhere, while I have yet 
vigor to go. They who can make black white, and are willing to 
stoop to the meanest and most dishonest occupations, may stay here 
and thrive. Such men can give the people shows, and then go back 
to their low trades. And why should they not thus shift about, 
since they only imitate Fortune, who has raised them ? What is 
there for me to do at Rome? I cannot flatter, nor be an instrument 
of crime, nor privy to the crimes of the great. Not for all the gold 
of the Tagus should you be willing to forego your peace of mind by 
harboring a guilty secret. 

58-80. " I '11 tell you in whom our rich men most delight, and whom 
I most avoid: 'tis* Greeks, and worse, 'tis Syrians: for Syria has 
poured her refuse into Rome, — her language, customs, harps, and 
drums, and harlots. From every town the Greeks swarm and creep 
into rich houses — Jacks of all trades, clever, abandoned, impudent, 
prompt, fluent. All arts, all sciences, are familiar to the starveling 
Greek ; and bid him fly to the skies, he '11 do it; for Daedalus. was a 
Greek, and born at Athens. 81-108. Shall I not avoid their purple 
robes ? Shall that man, blown to Rome by the same wind as figs 
and damsons, rank before me, whose infancy breathed the air of 
Rome? They can flatter most grossly, and yet be believed. What 
player on the stage can surpass them? Not even Antiochus or 
Haemus would seem wonderful among the Greeks, for the whole 
nation are actors in daily life. 114-125. Pass on to a graver crime. 

138 



SATIRE III. 139 

Think of that Stoic who killed his friend and pupil, that old wretch 
born at Tarsus. There is no place for a Roman here ; these Greeks 
have got sole possession. By a few drops of the poison of calumny 
the oldest and most faithful clients are driven away, nor is their loss 
felt. 

126-167. " What are a poor man's services, when praetors rush before 
them to do their homage to rich childless ladies ? The first question 
at Rome is ' What is a man's wealth ? ' the last, * What is his moral 
character?' Poverty is always laughed at — the hardest thing to 
bear in the poor man's lot. The poor man's tattered clothes, and 
his ejection from the front rows in the theatre, to make room for a 
crier's foppish son or a gladiator's, are a jest to his patron. What 
poor man gets a wife, or an inheritance, or the humblest office ? All 
Romans true should long ago have joined to fly their country. 'Tis 
hard to rise where virtue is kept down by poverty ; but hardest of 
all at Rome, where food and lodging are so dear. 

168-189. " Here a man 's ashamed to dine off earthenware ; not so 
when he goes into the country. In the country both great and small 
appear in public in their undress tunics ; in town the client must 
wear the costly toga. Here men live beyond their means. How 
much will you give to call on this grandee, or for a glance from that 
one? When a patron offers to some god the locks of a handsome 
page, and the house is full of sacrificial cakes, poor clients must fee 
the slaves, or they are not admitted to a share. 

190-222. " In the country who fears falling houses ? Rome is 
shored up with buttresses. I 'd rather live where there are no fires 
nor midnight terrors. The poor man's house burns, he loses his 
little all, and no one will help him ; the rich man receives contri- 
butions which more than replace his losses. 223-231. You may buy 
a house and a little garden in the country for the annual rent of a 
garret in Rome. 232-238. The poor cannot sleep at Rome, for the 
noise of the crowded streets. 

239-267. "The rich man is borne through the streets in a litter, 
where he may read or sleep at ease ; the poor is hustled by crowds, 
bumped by logs of timber, trampled on by a soldier's hob-nailed 
boots. A client, returning home with his slave bearing his dinner in 
a chafing-dish, is crushed to death under a wagon-load of marble. 
His household is making ready to receive him ; but he the while 
cowers on the shores of Styx, without a farthing for the ferryman. 

268-277. " The night has other dangers, — such as pots from lofty 
windows ; count yourself happy if you get no more than their con- 
tents. A wise man makes his will before he walks abroad at night. 
278-301. A drunken rioter meets you, who sleeps not till he kills his 
man. Though ' flown with insolence and wine,' he knows how to 
avoid the rich man's train and torches, but I am his victim, who go 
forth by the light of a candle or the moon. With insulting speech 
he picks a quarrel, if that be quarrel where one gives, the other does 
but take the blows. Whether you answer or not, it's all the same ; 
he knocks you down, then (as if he were the aggrieved party) binds 
you over to appear in court. This is the poor man's license when 
he 's beaten, to pray he may be suffered to carry home a few teeth in 
his head. 



140 NOTES. 

302-314. " Then when your doors are closed and barred, the robber 
breaks in and robs or murders you. For thieves come to Rome as 
their preserve. Their fetters soon will leave no iron for our tools. 
Happy our ancestors, for whose need one prison was enough ! 

315-322. " But I must go ; the horses and the driver are impatient, 
and the sun is setting. Farewell, remember me ; and when you go 
to Aquinum send for me, and I '11 come help you write another 
satire." — Mayor and Macleane, with modifications. 



1. Confusus, distressed. Cf. Plin. Paneg. 86 : quam ego audio con- 
fusionem tuam fuisse, cum digredientem prosequereris ! 

Amici. Juvenal calls the name of his friend Umbricius (vs. 20). 
We have no reason to suppose that any real person is meant. 

2. Vacuis, empty, unfrequented. 

3. Quod . . . destinet. Quod with the subjunctive is used when we 
state both the reason and the assertion by another party that the fact 
is so. C. 232. Because, as he tells me, etc. The infinitive after 
destinare is found in Caesar, Nepos, Livy, and Ovid, but becomes 
more frequent in the silver age. 

Sibylla. The Cumaean Sibyl was supposed to dwell in a large 
artificial cave ; modern travellers are shown what may be some 
remains of it. Justin Martyr {cohort. 37) saw at Cumae a great 
basilica, hewn out of the rock, with three baths in which the Sibyl 
bathed. After her bath, she retired into an inner shrine, also hewn, 
like the baths, out of the rock, where, sitting on a lofty tribunal and 
seat, she gave her oracles. Mayor. 

4. Janua Baiarum. The Via Domitiana, a branch of the Via 
Appia from Sinuessa, led to Cumae, whence travellers took an older 
road that led to Baiae and the principal towns on the bay as far as 
Surrentum, all of which were favorite resorts of the wealthy Romans. 
11 This gratum litus was so thickly studded with houses that, accord- 
ing to Strabo, they looked like one town." 

Amoeni secessus. Genitive of quality : affording an agreeable 
retreat. " Un lieu d'un tres agreable sejour." 

5. Prochyta (now Procida) is a small island near Cape Misenum. 
Subura (or Suburra) was the name of a low street leading from the 

Esquiline to the Viminal, — the noisiest and most disreputable part 
of Rome. 

7, 8. The many stories of the Roman houses, of which the upper 
(tabulata, contignationes) were of wood, the narrowness of the streets, 



SATIRE III. 141 

and the wooden outhouses, all increased the risks of fire. Conflagra- 
tions were frequent and extensive. Owing to the dearness of land 
and cost of lodging, speculators carried their buildings to a great 
height, and employed very frail materials ; earthquakes and inunda- 
tions often undermined even more solidly built houses. Mayor. 

10. Dum componitur, substitit. When diun denotes what hap- 
pens while something else happens, it is usually constructed with the 
present, although the action be past and the perfect be used in the 
leading proposition. C. 214, 1, n. 2 ; M. 336, obs 2. 

Domus, his household. 

Reda. " A Gallic vehicle, much used at this time by the Romans. 
It was four-wheeled, drawn by two or four horses, — a family, and 
later a stage-coach, constructed to carry passengers and goods." 

11. Arcus. An aqueduct was carried on arches over the porta Cape- 
na, and the gate was called in the time of the scholiast " the dripping 
arch." From the porta Capena, one of the principal gates in the 
wall of Servius, the Appian way led to Capua. The discovery of the 
first milestone on the Appian way has fixed the position of the gate 
at the foot of mons Caelius. It is fifteen hundred yards within the 
porta Appia of the wall of Aurelian, now called Porta San Sebas- 
tiano. 

12. Hie, here. TJbi, etc. I. e. in the lucus Camenarum (or grove 
of the four Latin prophetic divinities, Antevorta, Postvorta, Car- 
menta, and Egeria), directly before the porta Capena, on the left 
hand as one passed out of the city. As the grove was filled with 
poor Jews, Umbricius leads Juvenal farther aside into the quiet 
valley of Egeria, whence they could still see the Appian way. This 
grove, which had a fountain in it (Liv. i. 21), the poet represents as 
the scene of the meetings of Numa and Egeria. From the strange 
notion that these meetings must have been in the valley of Egeria, 
Jahn and Ribbeck place the five lines 12-16 after line 20, and H. A. 
J. Munro, while retaining the old order of the verses, offers his friend 
Mayor an ingenious but strained interpretation of the passage. 

Amicae. Egeria, one of the four Camenae; a prophetic muse, not 
a nymph. (Dion. Hal. ii. 60, 364.) Juvenal chooses to give a 
satirical turn to the tradition of Nuina's interviews with this 
goddess. 

14. The large wicker basket and the hay, which constituted the 
scanty furniture of the Jews to whom the grove and the aedes Came- 
narum had been let, were used, the first for a receptacle for their 
provisions and for alms, the second for a bed. 



142 NOTES. 

15. Mercedem, a rent. Populo, to the Roman people. 

16. The wood itself is said to go a begging, as its occupants beg. 

17. Notice the asyndeton. As the Muses' grove is now so unin- 
viting, we go down at once into Egeria's valley. 

Speluncas. "Juvenal speaks of artificial grottoes, but does not" 
necessarily " mean more than one." 

18. Veris, natural ones. But translate, unlike the true. 
Praesentius. How much nearer to us would the goddess of the 

spring seem to be ! Another reading is praestantius. 

19. CluHevet = clauderet. 

20. Ingenuum, native, natural, plain, unsophisticated. 
Nee . . . violarent, and . . . did not wrong (spoil). 

23. Res, my property, my means. 

Here was the form commonly used in Juvenal's time. The pro- 
nunciation of the final letter was intermediate between e and i. 
(Quintil. i. 4, 8.) Augustus wrote heri. 

23 sqq. Eadem — aliquid, " and will again to-morrow wear away 
something from its small remainder." 

Proponimus. Plural for the singular. 

Illuc . . . ubi Daedalus, etc. To Cumae. Cf. Yerg. Aen. vi. 14 sqq. 

27. In the Greek conception of the Molpai, who according to 
Hesiod were three — Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos — it was Clotho's 
business to spin the thread of human life. Lachesis determined the 
duration and condition of it, [and Atropos, " the inflexible," held 
the shears, and at Clotho's command cut the thread.] But, as in 
Horace, the three sisters are sometimes represented as spinning, and 
here Clotho's functions are usurped by Lachesis. Macleane. 

29 sq. Artorius et Catulus. "Any two scoundrels." Strauch 
thinks that Juvenal chooses names which will include both nobles 
(Catulus) and plebeians (Artorius). 

30. Qui vertunt. The indicative emphasizes the action as an 
actual fact. 

31. Quis = quibus. 

31-33. Who are willing (as redemptores, mancipes, or conductor es) 
to undertake the building or repair of temples, the dredging or 
embanking of rivers, the construction or clearing of harbors, the 
draining of the sewers, the carrying out the dead to burial ; and, 
having made the most of their contracts, to embezzle the money, and 
when that is safe become bankrupt. Mayor. Some understand 
flumina and portus of the farming of the public revenues, and 
eluviem siccandam of the draining of marshes, or even of salt- 
making (Tac. 13, 57). 



SATIRE III. 143 

33. And to offer themselves to be sold up, under the spear, the 
symbol of lawful ownership ; i. e., to go into bankruptcy. Juvenal 
might have said praebere se venales. The expression " he is sold up " 
is used for " his goods are sold." The State, as creditor, had the 
right to put itself in possession of the goods of the bankrupt (creditor 
in bona debitoris mittebatur), and they were sold at auction sub hasta 
(signo justi dominii, Gaius iv. 16). The fraudulent debtor became 
infamis, and the infamia entailed the loss of status [Walter, § 788, 
p. 455). Mayor ; Schomann Jahrb. 99, 765-7. Others interpret this 
verse of contracting for the sale of slaves by auction ; others still of 
selling one's self as a slave. The custom of setting up a spear at 
auctions is said to have been derived from the practice followed in 
old times of selling prisoners and booty on the field of battle under 
this symbol. 

36. Munera, sc. gladiatoria. 

Verso pollice. Those who wished the death of a conquered 
gladiator turned (vertebant, convertebant) their thumbs towards their 
breasts, as a signal to his opponent to stab him ; those who wished 
him to be spared, turned their thumbs downwards (premebant), as a 
signal for dropping the sword. Mayor. 

37. Populariter. " To win good will." 

38. After giving the people shows, they go back to their trade, 
which condescends to low gains (Macleane). They farm the cabinets 
d'aisance ; and why should they not contract for anything ? 

42. Poscere. I. e. to ask for a copy, to read carefully at home. 

Motus astrorum, etc. I am no astrologer, to promise a wicked 
expectant heir the speedy death of his father. 

44. Ranarum viscera, etc. I have never, as anharuspex, inspected 
the entrails of frogs. "The superstitious consulted the entrails of 
animals not commonly used for the purpose." 

47. Nulli comes exeo. Since I will bear no part in extortions, no 
governor takes me with him in his cohors into a province. Thsdfur 
and comes are to be thus explained, appears from the mention of 
Verres (53). Mayor; and so Weidner and Lewis. Macleane says 
" comes means comes exterior, the great man's walking companion." 

48. Exstinctae corpus non utile dextrae, a useless trunk, with 
right hand destroyed. " Exstinctae dextrae," C. 134, gen. of quality. 

49. Conscius, an accomplice. 

Cui. Here a dissyllable. Cf. vii. 211. C. 277. 

54. Non sit. C. 247, 5, n. 2. 

55. The Tagns was one of those rivers which were supposed to 
have gold in their sands. 



144 NOTES. 

56. Ut somno careas, etc. That for it you should be milling to 
forego your peace of mind by harboring a guilty secret. 

Ponenda = deponenda. The gifts and honors must sometime be 
parted with, at least at death. 

57. Tristis, like somno careas, implies the absence of true happi- 
ness which always accompanies an unquiet conscience. 

61. Quamvis, and yet. Used like quamquam (Aen. v. 195) in cor- 
recting one's self. — Quota portio faecis Achaei"? Best translated 
in English as an exclamation : how small a portion of our dregs 
are Greeks ! Lewis says, " I cannot understand how Heinrich and 
Macleane" (he might have added "and all the leading editors") 
" put a note of interrogation after Achaei." They could do nothing 
else. Quotus is an interrogative adjective pronoun, and quota portio 
means properly, in the words of Mayor, " one part amongst how 
many ? " or " how many parts, each equal to this, go to make up the 
whole ? " Macleane explains himself very well when he says that 
"Whath part?" would express quota pars, if we could coin an 
interrogative adjective after the analogy of the seventh part, eighth, 
etc. He refers to Key's Latin Gram., $ 248 and note. See C. 54, 1. 

63 sq. Chordas obliquas, triangular harps. The sambuca is refer- 
red to. 

Gentilia tympana, the tambourines of the nation ; chiefly used in 
the worship of Cybele. " They correspond," Macleane says, " to the 
Indian tom-tom, and are beaten with no perceptible reference to 
time .... The Orientals have little or no ear for music ; and on lower 
ground than Umbricius takes, he might have run away from the 
music of Eastern flageolets, harps, and drums. They were probably 
such as are still in use all over Asia, and no discord is comparable 
to that which is there listened to with satisfaction." 

65. Circum. The Circus Maximus. 

66. Ite, hie thither ! Ruperti says " ite in malam rem ; " which to 
be sure is the same thing. 

Picta. Find by scanning the verse the quantity of the final a. 
In what case is picta, accordingly, and with what other word only in 
this line can it agree ? 

Mitra. A species of light turban, worn by Asiatic women of bad 
fame. 

67. Rusticus ille tuus, thy old-time rustic ; " that son of thine, the 
rustic of old." 

Trechedipna. A Greek word of obvious derivation. (See the 
Lexicons.) Of the two meanings given by the Scholiast, " vestimenta 



SATIRE III. 145 

parasitica, vel galliculas Grecas currentium ad caenam," Freund 
adopts the first, a garment worn by parasites running to a supper ; 
recent editors incline rather to the second, a kind of dress-shoes worn 
as above. Simply for translation, we need not solve the difficulty. 
Anthon remarks that " Juvenal means to lash not only the introduc- 
tion of effeminate Grecian manners and costume, but also the accom- 
panying inroad of Greek terms into the Roman tongue ; " and he 
purposely retains the word in his translation, " puts on the treche- 
dipna." 

68. Ceroma was a mixture of oil, wax, and earth, with which the 
athletes rubbed themselves before wrestling. 

Niceteria, prizes of victory, such as collars, chains of gold, rings, 
and (as perhaps here) wreaths or garlands. 

69. Alta Sicyone. " Old Sicyon lay in the plain near the sea, but 
Demetrius Poliorcetes razed the walls and houses, and removed the 
inhabitants to the Acropolis.' ' 

Amydon was on the banks of the Axius in Macedonia. 

70. Notice the hiatus in a Greek word before the principal caesura. 

71. What hill of Rome is here spoken of as deriving its name from 
the osiers that grew on it? (Varro, however, says (v. 51), Viminalis 
a Jove Vimino, quoi ibi arae ; but adds sunt qui quod ibi vimineta 
fuerint.) 

72. Viscera, the vitals, the heart; " bosom-friends." 

73. Ingenium — perdita, "their wit is quick, their impudence 
desperate." 

74. Isaeo torrentior = torrentior quarn sermo Isaei. " The 
ablative of the person, instead of the ablative {sermone), of that 
which belongs to him." M. 280, obs. 2 ; Z. 767 in fine. 

Isaeus was a Greek rhetorician of distinction, who came to Rome 
about A. D. 97, being then upwards of sixty years of age. Pliny the 
younger {JEpp. ii. 3) speaks in the highest terms of his ready elo- 
quence. 

75. Quern vis hominem, any character you choose. 

76. Geometres is here a trisyllable, the e and o being contracted 
into one syllable by synaeresis. 

Aliptes. The slave who anointed his master in the bath. 

78. Graeculus, the Greekling. The contemptuous use of the dimin- 
utive. 

Jusseris = sijusseris. Strictly, a hortatory subjunctive. 

79. In summa, in short, in a word, denique. In the golden age, 
this expression was used only to denote the whole as opposed to the 

10 — Juv. N 



146 NOTES. 

single parts : cf. Cic. ad Quint, fr. ii., 16, 3 : Drusus erat de prae- 
varicatione a tribunis aerariis absolutus, in summa quattuor senten- 
tiis, cum senatores et equites damnassent; where in summa means 
in the whole number of the judges : quoad judices universos, vicit 
quattuor sententiis. Ad summam would be the Ciceronian expres- 
sion in our passage, and so some editors, after pu>, have read; so also 
Freund and other lexicographers. Our reading is that of P and S, 
adopted by Jahn, Hermann, Eibbeck, Weidner. The later Latin 
used both in summa and ad summam in the sense of denique. 

80. Mediis natus Athenis. The reference is to Daedalus. 

81. Horum. Notice the passage, in lively discourse, from the 
generic singular to the plural. 

Conchylia. I. e. purple robes. 

82. Signabit. I. e. as witness, e. g. to a marriage-deed (x. 336) or 
will (i. 67). — Recumbit, etc. I. e. be ranked higher at table. 

83. Pruna et cottona, plums (of Damascus, whence our " dam- 
sons," originally " Damascenes "), and small Syrian figs. Other 
readings are cottana (and so Hesychius) and coctana. 

84. Usque adeo nihil est, is it so utterly nothing ? is it so entirely 
to go for nothing ? 

85. Baca (bacca) Sabina, the Sabine olive. 

86. Quid quod, why add that ? 

87. Supply amici with indocti. 

91. Ille .... quo .... marito=^7Ze maritus (i. e. gallus), quo. 
Attraction of the antecedent substantive into the relative clause. 
M. 319, obs. — Ille, i. e. vox illius. Cf. verse 74. — Quo marito. 
See note on i. 13 : adsiduo lectore. 

93 sqq. Is the comedian, when he plays Thais, etc., a better actor 
(than the Greek is in private life) ? So do the Greeks excel in flat- 
tery and deception, that actors maintaining the most difficult parts, 
even men personating women so as to be mistaken for them, do not 
surpass their art. So Madvig, Opusc. i. 51. 

Thais. A courtesan, e. g. in the Eunuchus of Terence. 

94. Doris. A name of a servant-girl. Madvig, Opusc. i. 53. 

Nullo cultam palliolo, clad in no mantle; not having a palliolum 
(or pallium), the outer dress of the lower order of women, but clad 
in the chiton alone. So K. F. Hermann, Madvig, Mayor, and others. 
Macleane wrongly accepts the definition of palliolum as " a small 
square cloth worn over the head to protect it from the weather, or to 
hide the face." — For nullo Jahn adopts Biichner's conjecture pullo. 

98, 99. The names here given are those of four distinguished 
actors in Rome, all of them Greeks. 



SATIRE III. 147 

Nee tamen. Still, neither Antiochus, etc. " It is true that the 
actor personates a woman to the very life ; still the best actors do no 
more than what every Greek can do." 

Illic. I. e. in their own country. 

Molli. Delicate and graceful, in tone and gesture. 

102. Nee, and yet not. Plin. Epp. v. 6, 36 : ita occulte tempera- 
tur, ut impleat nee redundet. Mayor. 

103. Endromidem. A thick woollen rug thrown over the body after 
violent exercise. 

Here Gifford quotes Hamlet's dialogue with Osric : 

Osr. I thank your lordship, 't is very hot. 
Ham. No, believe me, 't is very cold : the wind is northerly. 
Osr. It is indifferent cold, my lord, indeed. 

Ham. But yet, methinks, it is very sultry, and hot for my complexion. 
Osr. Exceedingly, my lord ; it is very sultry, — as 't were, — I cannot tell 
how. — Hamlet, v. 2. 

Cf. Gnatho in Ter. Eun. ii. 2, 19. 

105 sq. Aliena — facie, to assume an expression of countenance 
from another's face. " According to Athenaeus, one Kleisophus 
used to make a wry face whenever Philip tasted any pungent dish . 
Plutarch compares such a flatterer to a polypus, or to a mirror which 
reflects all images from without." 

106. Jactare manus, to throw up his hands in admiration and 
astonishment. Another (but inferior) reading in the preceding clause 
is alienum sumere vultum, which requires the words a facie jactare 
manus to be taken together, and translated to fling kisses. 

Laudare paratus. Juvenal is fond of this construction of the 
infinitive after adjectives. C. 244, 3. 

108. Weidner understands trulla aurea of a golden ladle with 
which wine was dipped from the wine-jar. The patron has drained 
the jar and turned it upside down (inverso fundo), and then asks his 
Greek parasite to dip him some wine. The parasite eagerly hastens 
to obey, and strikes the bottom of the jar with his ladle, so that it 
rings, before he perceives that it has been inverted. Instead of being 
offended at the poor joke played upon him, he laughs aloud and 
applauds his master's wit. With this explanation, the verse is 
rendered, if the golden ladle has rung on the bottom of the wine-jar. 

An interpretation more commonly adopted explains trulla as a 
drinking-cup ; the verse would then be translated, if, when its bottom 
is turned upwards, the golden goblet has given a gurgling sound. So 
Stapylton : 



148 NOTES. 

Or if, the bottom o' th' gilt bowl turn'd up, 
He fetcht the froth off with a gallant sup. 

Others still, less plausibly, understand that he dashes the heel- 
taps of his goblet into a basin or upon the floor, as if playing the 
cottabos. 

The examples given by Forcellini sufficiently prove that trulla 
may mean either a ladle or a drinking -cup. Some suppose that its 
meaning here is scaphium or matella, and that fundus in this 
passage is equivalent to anus. Heinrich argues ingeniously in favor 
of the scholiast's first explanation, si ]jepederit } taking trulla aurea 
as venter divitis. The second interpretation of the scholiast has 
little probability : si calix aureus crepitum dederit cadens e manu 
divitis. 

114. Transi, pass by; say nothing of. Others take it as equivalent 
to transi ad. 

115. Gymnasia, their training-schools. " Quit the playgrounds 
of vice." 

Facinus majoris abollae, a crime of the larger robe ; i. e. a crime 
committed by a man of high position. 

116. Servilius Barea Soranus was proconsul of Asia in the reign 
of Claudius, and a man of high character. He fell under the dis- 
pleasure of Nero, and was charged with treasonable practices, and 
his daughter Servilia with aiding him. They were condemned to 
death. The chief witness against them was P. Egnatius Celer, a 
Stoic philosopher, grave of garb and mien, but treacherous, crafty, 
avaricious, and lustful. Egnatius was rewarded with riches and 
honors : afterwards, however (a. p. 69), he was exiled. 

117 sq. Nutritus, etc. Egnatius is said to have been born at 
Berytus; but he was educated at Tarsus, if the interpretation usually 
given to verses 117, 118, is the correct one. The Gorgoneus cabal- 
lus (caballus, nag or hack, contemptuously; like Persius's fonte 
caballino of Hippocrene) is Pegasus, who sprang from the blood of 
the Gorgon Medusa when Perseus struck off her head at Tartessus 
in Spain. According to the legend, he lost a wing (rapco^) at Tarsus, 
on the banks of the Cydnus in Cilicia, whence the city had its name. 
Strabo (xiv. 673 sq.) says of Tarsus in his day, "with such zeal do 
the inhabitants study philosophy and literature, that they surpass 
Athens, Alexandria, and all other schools of learning. . . . Rome 
knows well how many men of letters issue from this city, for her 
streets swarm with them." " The apostle Paul, Apollonius of Tyana 
and the Stoics Nestor, the teacher of Tiberius, and Athenodorus, 



SATIRE III. 149 

with others," are mentioned by Mayor as having received instruction 
in this city. 
120. Notorious parasites. 

123. Naturae, of his own (i. e. the parasite's) disposition. 
Patriae, of his country, i. e. of Greece. 

Veneno, venom. 

124. Perierunt, have been wasted ; have goue for naught. 

125. " My long slavery " is the client's bitter expression for his 
attentions and civilities to his patron. 

Nusquam — clientis, nowhere do they make less of pitching a client 
overboard. " The word cliens" says Macleane, "is used to express 
a totally different relation between patron and dependant from what 
it expressed in the earlier times of the republic. At this time it did 
not involve a legal and political distinction, and meant no more than 
an humble friend, a dependant who looked to another for support, 
counsel, and so forth.'' 

126. Officium, service. 

Ne nobis blandiar, not to flatter ourselves; to tell the plain truth. 

127 sq. Si — currere, if he take the pains to run while it is yet 
night in his toga. The toga, the " dress-coat " of the Romans, was 
always worn in calls of civility and other officia. 

128. While the praetor treads on the heels of his lictor, etc. " The 
poor man stands no chance of being noticed, when even the higher 
magistrates are hastening on the same errand." The praetor at 
this time had two lictors when within the city, and six without. 
Impellat implies hitting against, in whatever manner. Cf. Sen. de 
Tranq, An. 12, 2 : impellunt obvios et se aliosque praecipitant. 
Heinrich understands manu, and translates pokes the lictor in the 
ribs. 

129. Dudum vigilantibus orbis, the childless ladies having been 
awake (i. e. up and ready for their reception) for a long time. 

130. The names represent two rich and childless matrons. 

137 sq. Hospes numinis Idaei. Livy (xxix. 10, 11) relates that 
when in 205 B. c. the Sibylline books were consulted, it was found 
that Rome might be secured against all invaders, if only the Idaean 
Mother were brought from Pessinus to Rome. The Delphic oracle 
directed that the best man in the city should receive her with a 
proper welcome ; and the senate (B. c. 204) selected P. Cornelius 
Scipio Xasica, a young man who had not yet been quaestor, for that 
honor (Liv. xxix. 14). He received the image at Ostia from the ship 
that had conveyed it, and then delivered it to the charge of the 

N 2 



150 NOTES. 

matrons. This image which the priests of Pessinus presented to the 
Romans as the veritable Mother Cybele was a rude field-stone. 

Numa was the most pious of kings. 

138 sq. Qui — Minervam. L. Caecilius Metellus, twice consul, 
when pontifex maximus (b. C. 241), saved the Palladium from the 
burning temple of Vesta. In this act of courageous devotion he lost 
his sight from the effect of the flames. 

140. Ad, in regard to, with reference to, as regards. Cf. Cic. de 
Fin. ii. 20, 63 : non timidus ad mortem ; in Cat. i. 5, 12 : ad severi- 
tatem lenius. Moribus, his character. 

Seneca {Epp. xix. 6, 14) translates from an old Greek tragedian as 
follows : 

Sine me vocari pessimum, ut dives vocer; 

" An dives " omnes quaerimus, nemo " an bonus ; " 

Non " qua re et unde," " quid " habeas, tantum rogant. 

144. Samothracum. The most secret mysteries known to the 
ancients were connected with the worship of the Cabiri : deities 
worshipped nowhere else so solemnly as in Samothrace. Macleane. 

149. Sordidula, a trifle soiled. 

151. Non una cicatrix, " more than one seam " or patch. 

153. Inquit, sc. designator, the usher. Inquit is often used with- 
out a subject expressed. The scene is now in the theatre or amphi- 
theatre. 

154. Pulvino equestri. The orchestra was appropriated to the 
senators ; the fourteen front rows of the cavea, which were cushioned, 
were reserved for the knights. Any one might take his place there 
who had the equestrian census of 400,000 sesterces. The tribune L. 
Roscius Otho (verse 159 j proposed this law B. c. 67. Having grad- 
ually fallen into disuse, it was revived by Domitian. 

158. A pinnirapus, or crest-snatcher, was a gladiator matched with 
a Samnite. The Samnite gladiators wore a crest on their helmets ; 
the pinnirapus sought to snatch away this crest, or a feather from it. 
Gladiators were not allowed to sit in the knights' benches : it appears 
that the restriction did not extend to their sons. Praecones too were 
of low social position, and not eligible to the rank of decuriones so 
long as they followed their calling. 

160 sq. Censu — impar, inferior in estate, and not a match for the 
young lady in his money-bags. The last clause may also be translated, 
not a match for the young lady y s money-bags. Others render sar- 
cinulis, "dowry;" others still " trousseau ; " others refer it to such 



SATIRE III. 151 

things as the woman fancied she wanted after marriage, the poor man 
being described as unable to keep his wife in " trinkets and finery." 
Censu may refer to the equestrian estate, " or censu minor may be 
taken generally for a man of small means." 

162. When is a poor man an " assessor" (i. e. a legal adviser) even 
to the police ? The aediles were at this time police-ofiicers. 

163. Olim, long ago; a meaning which this word often has in 
writers of the silver age. 

164. HdMt=haud. Johnson's vigorous version of this sentence 
was inspired by his own experience : 

"Slow rises worth by poverty depress'd." 

166. Magno, sc. constat. 

167. Servorum ventres. " Petron. 57 : viginti ventres pasco." 
" Horace, who lived as plainly as any man could do, and was a 
bachelor, could not sit down to his dinner of leeks and fritters with- 
out three slaves, which he considered the height of independence 
(Sat. i. 6, 116). Umbricius was married, and had children, and the 
customary number of slaves in every household had grown enormously 
since the days of Horace." 

168. Negabis is a conjecture of Valesius, adopted by Jahn, Rib- 
beck, Weidner. The MSS. negavit ; but b and v are often inter- 
changed in manuscripts. Grangaeus conjectured negabit, which 
Hermann adopts. 

170. The cucullus was a sort of cape, worn over the lacerna. It 
was provided with a hood, which could be drawn over the head 
either to disguise the wearer or to defend him from the weather. 
Venetus, sea-green; sometimes blue, or shifting between blue and 
green; sometimes of ferruginous color (Lyd. de mens. iv. 25). 

172. After death, the body of a free person was always clad in a 
toga, such as accorded with his rank. Augustus forbade the citizens 
to appear without the toga in the forum or circus. But the toga was 
costly and inconvenient, and hence gladly laid aside on informal 
occasions. Pliny mentions among the charms of his Tuscan villa, 
nulla necessita,s togae (Epp. v. 6, 45). 

172-4. Order: Si quando ipsa dierum festorum majestas ("the 
solemn holidays ") colitur herboso theatro. 

Tandem, after a long interval. 

175. Exodium, a merry farce ; originally an interlude (Liv. vii. 2). 

Personae, etc. In the farces grotesque masks were used, " having 
the mouth wide open, representing broad laughter or grinning." 



152 NOTES. 

Lucian de Salt. 27, quoted by Mayor, speaks of an "actor with a 
mask that towers above his head, and a great mouth gaping wide, as 
if to swallow up the audience." 

177-9. "In the rustic crowd there is no distinction of latus clavus 
or angustus clavas, nor any praetexta ; even the municipal senate 
(decuriones), who occupy the orchestra, as the senators do at Rome, 
are dressed like the rest of the spectators in tunics ; " and a white 
tunic is sufficient to mark the dignity of the " great aediles," the 
common people appearing in dark-colored tunics. Clari honoris and 
summis are used humorously, like Horace's magni quo pueri, magnis 
e centurionibus orti. 

180. Habitus. Genitive. The use of this word in the sense of 
dress , as here and in line 177, is rare before the post- Augustan 
writers. 

182. Ambitiosa, ostentatious, pretentious* 

184. Quid das. I. e. to Cossus's servants. 

Cossus. " A noble," says the scholiast. Probably an informer and 
accuser like Veiento. 

185. A. Fabricius Veiento, praetor b. c. 55 (when he ran dogs 
instead of horses in the games), was banished from Italy s. c. 62 for 
libelling senators and priests, and for selling various offices, and was 
afterwards consul under Domitian, and a notorious informer. He 
was a friend also of Nerva's. Cf. Plin. Epp. iv. 22, 4 : Cenabat Nerva 
cum paucis. Yeiento proximus atque etiam in sinu recumbebat. 
Dixi omnia, cum hominem nominavi. Mayor. 

Clauso labello. Without deigning to open his lips. 

186 sq. Ille, hie. Any other patrons. 
Deponit, cuts, i. e. causes to be cat. 

" When a youth first shaved, it was a holiday, and the young down 
was sometimes offered to some god, with the long hair worn in boy- 
hood but cut off when the ' toga virilis ' was put on. This cere- 
mony was observed by certain masters with their favorite slaves." 
In each of the cases here supposed, the house is immediately full of 
sacrificial cakes provided by the master. These cakes are offered by 
the slaves to the clients, in expectation of a douceur : hence venali- 
bus, for sale. 

187 sq. Accipe — habe : Take the cake (says Umbricius), and keep 
it as something to stir your bile, that praestare cogimur, etc. 

189. Cultis, foppish, dandified ; or pampered. 

190. Praeneste. Feminine, as in Verg. Aen. viii. 561. It is gen- 
erally neuter. " Declined like caepe, Reate, Arelate f Bibracte" 



SATIRE III. 153 

194. Sic. I. e. for it is in this way that. It is " by such crazy props 
and shores " that. 

Labentibus. Sc. aedificiis, implied in urbem. Others, " the falling 
inmates." 

195. Vilicus = insularius, an agent or steward who lets lodgings 
in town. Mayor after K. F. Hermann. 

196. Securos, sc. nos. 

198. Poscit aquam. Tantamount to cries fire ! Cf. Quintil. Decl. 
xii. 6 : ut " arma " bello, ut " aqua " incendio inclamari publice solent. 

199. Ucalegon. I. e. your neighbor. An allusion to Verg. Aen. ii. 
311 : proximus ardet Ucalegon. " Here, a richer tenant who rents a 
lower story of the high lodging-house {insula), the third story of 
which, immediately below the tiling, is let to the poor client, who 
sleeps through all the confusion." 

Tibi. Ethical dative. Or more strongly, dative of disadvantage. 

203. Procula was the name of a dwarf well-known at Rome. 
Some commentators think that in this passage it is only an expression 
for " his short wife." 

Minor, too short for. 

204. The abacus was a slab, sometimes of silver or gold, but some- 
times as here of marble (see verse 205), used as a sideboard on which 
plate was exhibited. 

205. Chiron. A figure of Chiron the centaur, who was renowned 
as a musician. 

206. Jam vetus, old by this time. 

207. Opici is here used in the sense of " ignorant," barbarian. 
"Goths of mice." " Cat. ap. Plin. xxix. 7 (1) : nos quoque dictitant 
[Graeci] barbaros, et spurcius nos quam alios opicos appellatione 
foedant." " The Opicans were the same as the Oscans, and perhaps 
as the Ausonians, whose settlements were in Campania, and whose 
language was widely spread and survived the nation." 

210. Cumulus. Fr. comble. His " sorrow's crown of sorrow." 

212. Asturicus. A name representing some nobleman of a conquer- 
ing family, coined from the Astures, a people in Spain, after the 
analogy of Creticus, Numidicus, Macedonicus. So Persicus (221). 

Cecidit. I. e. burns to the ground. — Horrida mater. The matrons 
go with dishevelled hair, in sign of mourning. 

213. Differt vadimonia. Adjourns his court. Literally, " puts off 
the vadimonia, which was the word for the engagement entered into 
by a defendant to appear on a given day. Cf. Horat. Sat. i. 9, 36." 
In modern legal phrase, " enlarges the defendant's recognizances." 



154 NOTES. 

214. Gemimus. Some MSS., including P., read geminus, which is 
a manifest error, although adopted by Heinrich and Weidner. 

215. Ardet. Impersonal ; or supply domus. 

Qui donet, qui conferat. Relative pronoun with the subjunctive, 
denoting purpose. 

217. Euphranor was a very distinguished statuary and painter, 
born at Corinth, but pursuing his calling at Athens, in the times of 
Philip and Alexander of Macedon. — The elder Polycleitus is prob- 
ably the one here meant. He was a contemporary of Pericles, and 
an artist of the very highest rank ; a statuary in bronze, a sculptor 
in marble, an architect, and an artist in toreutic. He is classed by 
Socrates (Xen. Mem. 14, 3) with Homer, Sophocles, and Zeuxis. 

218. Phaecasiatorum — deorum, antique ornaments of white-shoed 
gods. The right reading of this verse can hardly be asserted with 
confidence. Most of the MSS. have phaecasianorum or fecasianor um ; 
P, S, followed by Hermann, Ribbeck, Macleane, Weidner, haec 
Asianorum; Jahn takes the liberty to alter the gender of the pro- 
noun, and reads hie Asianorum. I follow Mayor in adopting Roth's 
conjecture based on the prevailing MS. reading. Professor H. A. J. 
Munro gives Mayor a note, opposing Jahn's hie Asianorum, in which 
he says, " I cannot help suspecting that phaecasia in some form or 
other should come in, as this word is not uncommon in Latin to ex- 
press apparently some luxurious kind of shoe." 

219. Forulos mediamque Minervam, book-cases, and, among the 
books, a statue of Minerva. Macleane wrongly translates "and a 
bust of Minerva ; " as K. Fr. Hermann has shown, medius is used as 
equivalent to dimidius " only in the Scrip, r. r. and hist. Aug. Cas. 
ad Jul. Capitol, p. 109." 

220. Eeponit. He replaces his losses with etc. 

221. Persicus is the occupant of the " house of Asturicus " (verse 
212), which may have been so called from a former owner. 

Orborum lautissimus, the most sumptuous of childless men. It 
was because he was orbus, that the captatores paid him court. 

223. The Ludi Circenses or Magni were celebrated annually, and 
consisted of horse-, chariot-, and foot-races, sham fights (both land 
and water), wrestling, boxing, and fighting with beasts, as well as 
feats of horsemanship. Macleane. 

223-4. Three small towns in Latium are here named. 

226. Hie. I. e. in the country. (In the places I am speaking 
about.) 

227. Tenuis. Accusative plural. 



SATIRE III. 155 

229. The Pythagoreans were forbidden animal food. 

231. A humorous extenuation of the pleasures of ownership, es- 
pecially of owning landed property. Many words have been wasted 
on the interpretation of this verse, by commentators from the scholiast 
down. It means just what it says ; but the being master of a lizard 
involves being master of the ground it makes its home. 

232. Plurimus, many a one. — Hie in this verse is of course in Rome. 
— Vigilando. The o is short. There are two examples in Seneca, 
which, with this, are the earliest instances of short o in the ablative. 
Juvenal has also octo; ergo, and often 6 in the present indicative of 
verbs. 

233. Inperfectus. I. e. undigested. 

234. Meritoria, hired lodgings. 

236. Redarum. Either private carriages or stage-coaches. As a 
rule, carriages were not allowed to be used in the streets of Rome in 
the daytime, and travellers were obliged to set out from, arrive at, or 
pass through the city in the night. Cf. Friedland Sittengesch, i. 
45 sq. 

237. Convicia {con and vec, a form of voc the root of vox ; San- 
scrit vak), " any confused din ; " here including " both the drovers' 
abuse and the lowing of the hferds.". 

Mandra is a cattle-pen, or sheep-fold, here used by metonymy for 
the animals themselves; the standing cattle = the horses, mules, or 
other animals stopped in the street. Hermann thinks that flocks of 
sheep are meant, disturbing slumber by their bleating. 

238. The Emperor Tiberius Claudius Drusus was notorious for his 
addiction to sleep. Pliny says of seals nullum animal graviore 
somno premitur. 

239. Officium is here used for the man's attendance on the great 
or rich. Macleane. 

240. Ingenti Liburno, borne by huge Liburnians. Literally, 
" Liburnian ;" Hermann compares Ovid. Fast. iii. 29: principis 
corpora ; and Heroid. xvi. 366 : innumerus miles. For the ablative, 
see note on Sat. i. 13. Macleane takes it as dative of reference, after 
super or a. Our reading is that of Po>, followed by Hermann, Rib- 
beck, Macleane, and H. A. J. Munro (note in Mayor's edition). 
Jahn, Weidner, Mayor, read liburna after S (where the reading is 
corrupt and doubtful) and h; understanding the word of a large 
Utter (octophoron) borne by Liburnian slaves, and humorously called 
liburna or " swift-sailer," as we might say " clipper." 

242. The fenestra is simply the opening in the curtains. 



156 NOTES, 

243. Ante. I. e. " before poor people who are bent on the same 

errand." 
Tamen, yet ; nevertheless. (Although he takes things so easily.) 
244 sq. The throngs of people before and behind hinder our 

passage. On unda cf. Verg. Georg. ii. 461-2 : 

Si non ingentein foribus doinus alta superbis 
Mane salutant.um totis vomit aedibus undam. 

248. Clavus, hob-nail. " The common soldiers and inferior officers 
wore heavy shoes, caligae, studded with hob-nails." Cf. Sat. xvi. 24. 

249. Quanto celebretur sportula fumo. With what clouds of 
smoke they crowd around the sportula. The dole appears to have 
been sometimes taken away in the afternoon, although the clients' 
salutation to the great man was paid in the morning. So Hermann 
and most commentators. Weidner follows Buttmann (in Seebodes 
Biblioth. 1821, 1, 396) in supposing that a cena collaticia or " picnic," 
Selnvov and (mvpiiog, is here referred to. The smoke, with either expla- 
nation, comes from the charcoal in the foculi gestabiles or culinae. 

250. Convivae. Ironical. "They ought to be the great man's 
guests, and he puts them off with a mess of meat." 

Culina. A kind of brazier or portable kitchen which kept things 
carried in it warm. 

251. Cn. Domitius Corbulo, a Roman general, is described by 
Tacitus (Ann. xiii. 8) as corpore ingens. His name may have become 
a synonyme for any strong man. 

254. Sartae modo, that have just been patched. 

255. Quintilian (viii. 3, 21) calls serracum a "sordidum nomen" 
for plaustrum. 

257. Saxa Ligustica. Marbles from the quarries of Luna (near 
the modern Carrara) and Pisa, much used in Rome both for sculp- 
ture and building. » 

261. More animae, like his breath. Some translate " like his soul " 
or " like his life." 

Domus, his household. 

Secura. (Notice, in the Lexicons, the exact meaning of this word.) 

262. (Find, by scanning the verse, whether bucca is nominative 
or ablative.) 

Sonat, clatters, rings. 

263. StYiglibua = strigilibus. Many forms thus shortened passed 
into the Romance languages, e. g. frigdus, froid ; caldus, chaud ; 
anglus, angle. Translate, flesh-scrapers. They were curved instru- 
ments of metal, bone, or wood, used for removing oil and perspiration 



SATIRE III. 157 

from the body after bathing. Gutus (or guttus), oil-flask, was a 
flask with a long thin neck, often made of horn, used here for drop- 
ping oil over the body. The lintea are towels. The servants are 
making these preparations for their master, as it was the custom to 
bathe before taking the cena. 

264. Pueros, the slaves. Ille is, of course, the master. 

265. Ripa. I. e. of the Styx. 

266. Porthmea. I. e. Charon; "portitor" in Virgil. 

Alnum. I. e. Charon's boat. That these fables were not generally 
believed in, appears from Sat. ii. 149 sqq. : 

Esse aliquos manes et subterranea regna, 
Cocytum et Stygio ranas in gurgite nigras, 
Atque una transire vaduni tot milia cuinba, 
Nee pueri credunt, nisi qui nonduin aere lavantur. 

(The words nondum aere lavantur refer to the fact that children 
under four years of age were admitted to the public baths gratui- 
tously.) Cf. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 5, 6. 

267. Trientem. A copper coin, the third of an as, used here to 
represent the obol, which was placed in the mouths of the dead among 
the Greeks as Charon's fare. 

269. Quod spatium tectis sublimibus, vjhat a distance there is 
fr m the lofty roofs to the street. Augustus limited the height of 
houses to seventy feet; Trajan afterwards to sixty. 

269-271. The interrogative adjective pronoun, quod, and the inter- 
rogative adverb quotiens and adj. quanto, depend upon respice. 

270. Testa, a tile. 

Fenestra, French fenetre, German Fenster. 

272. Silicem. I. e. the pavement. 

273. Notice the spondee in the fifth foot in conjunction with the 
monosyllabic ending of the verse. 

274 sq. Adeo, etc., so true is it : or, so surely is it the case that as 
many fatal chances await you as there are wakeful windows open on 
that night, etc. " Wakeful windows" are, of course, the windows of 
chambers whose occupants are still awake. The windows ("wind- 
doors") opened, like doors, on hinges; as so often now in Europe. 

276, 277. Of the two wretched alternatives, you can only hope that 
they will empty the foul contents of their basins upon you, rather 
than endanger your life by dropping the vessels themselves upon 
your head. 

279. Dat poenas, suffers tortures. There is something very huinor- 

O 



158 NOTES. 

ous, as Lewis says, in this comparison between this insolent fellow, 
who has not found any one to pummel, and Achilles, who has lost his 
friend Patroclus (Horn. II. xxiv. 9-11). " He longs to thump some 
innocent passer-by, as Achilles longed to kill Hector." We can fancy 
him complaining, like Mercury in the Amphitryon of Moliere (cited 
by Lemaire) : 

" Depuis plus d'une semaine 
Je n'ai trouve personne a qui rompre les os ; 
La vigueur de mon bras se perd dans le repos; 
Et je cherche quelque dos 
Pour me remettre en haleine." 

281 sq. Can he not sleep, then, without all this, you will ask. No ; 
some men can sleep only after a broil. Ribbeck, Heinecke, and 
Euperti regard line 281 as spurious. Gifford cites here Proverbs 
iv. 15. — Ergo. The o, also in ix. 82 ; elsewhere in Juvenal, o. 

282. Improbus, insolent, impudent, saucy, hot-headed. 

282 sqq. The wanton Mohock, " flushed as he is with folly, youth, 
and wine," confines his " prudent insults " to the poor. (So Johnson's 
paraphrase.) 

283. The scarlet laena, thick and warm, which was worn by the 
rich, was dyed with the " coccum " or cochineal. 

285. Aenea. Of Corinthian bronze and costly workmanship. 

287. Candelae were cheap candles or torches of rope dipped in 
wax, tallow, or pitch. Sometimes the wick was of rush.— Dispenso 
et tempero. I. e. I husband and check from burning too fast. ( Mayor.) 

288. Cognosce, hear me tell. 

292. Aceto, sour wine ; or vinegar mixed with water (posca), which 
was a usual drink of the soldiers and common people. 

293. "Porrum, leek, was either sectile or capitatum. When 
intended to be sectile it was sown thickly, and the blades were cut 
(secabantur) as they shot up, like asparagus. The reveller abuses 
his victim for his foul breath." 

296. Tell me, where is your stand? (whether for begging or for 
selling.) In what Jewish oratory am I to look for you f 

Quaere Present, where we should expect the future. This is 
more striking than the inceptive present, which denotes the begin- 
ning of an act, and even than the conatlve present, to which, how- 
ever, it is allied. As Key says (Lat. Gram. 457), the present in 
Latin is sometimes used when " the mind alone " is as yet employed 
upon the action, "or the matter at best is only in preparation; as 
1 uxorem duchy he is going to be married.^ 



SATIRE III. 159 

298. Vadimonia faciunt. They bind you over to appear in court; 
as though they were the aggrieved parties, they threaten they will 
have the law on you. (Cf. v. 213.) " Les battus paient Pamende." 

303. Derit. Ribbeek, Weidner, Mayor give this contracted form 
for deer it. 

304. " Shops and houses were barred at night, and the bar secured 
by a chain." 

Compago, fastening, " the fittings of the folding-doors." From com 
and pango (root PAG), to fasten, fix. 

305. Grassator, a street-robber, footpad. 
Agit rem, goes to work, plies his trade. 

306 sqq. The Pontine marsh, and the Gallinarian wood (of pine 
trees, on the coast of Campania, near Cumae : cf. Cic. adfam. ix. 23) 
were well adapted for robbers. When they were effectively held by 
soldiers, the robbers, beaten out of their accustomed haunts, flocked 
to Rome " as a gentleman goes to his preserves to shoot." 

" Les voleurs a" l'instant s'emparent de la ville : 
Le bois le plus funeste et le moins frequente 
Est, au prix de Paris, un lieu de surete." 

(Boileau's paraphrase, cited by Lemaire.) 

309. The negative belongs with qua fornace as well as qua incude. 
The regular order would have been qua fornace, qua incude, non 
conficiuntur graves catenae ? 

313. Sub tribunis. I. e. in the republic. 

314. Uno carcere. The Mamertine prison. 

315. Poteram. This is the imperfect of unfulfilled action ; I could, 
but do not (on account of want of time). Cf. Key's Lat. Gram. 1257 ; 
Gildersleeve, 246, R. 2 ; Madvig 348, 1. 

317. Jandudum. So Jahn after P ; p, iam dudum. 

319. Refici reddet. The prose construction would be reddet refi- 
ciendum or ut reficiaris. 

320. Ceres and Diana were both worshipped at Aquinum, a muni- 
cipium (Cic. Phil. ii. 106) or colony (Plin. H. N. iii. 9) in Latium on 
the via Latina, near the river Melpis. No satisfactory explanation 
has been given of the epithet Helvina here applied to Ceres. 

321 seq. If your satires are not ashamed of me, I will put on my 
hob-nailed shoes, and come for their help to your cool fields. — 
Macleane is probably right in rejecting " the notion of the commen- 
tators about TTmbricius's going to Juvenal dressed like a soldier," 
(the caligae being worn by soldiers,) " to do service in the ranks and 
help him attack the follies of the age." 



SATIKE IV. 



o>d<o 



ARGUMENT. 



1-36. Crispinus here again ! and I must often bring him on the 
stage, a monster with no virtue by which to ransom himself from 
the vices which enslave him. What avail all his wealth and pomp ? 
No wicked man is happy, least of all one so utterly impure. But 
now of smaller matters. He bought a mullet of six pounds for as 
many sestertia : not as a present, for some crafty end, but for him- 
self. He, the Egyptian slave ! a fish that cost more than the man 
that caught it, or than an estate in the provinces or Apulia. When 
so costly a dainty was but a side-dish on the table of this upstart, 
who used to cry stale fish from his native country, what must we not 
look for in the emperor ? Begin, Calliope ! nay, keep your seat ; you 
need not stand up to sing ; tell a true tale, ye Muses chaste and 
young ; and since I call you so, give me your favor. 

37-71. In Domitian's reign, the huge bulk of a rhombus, large as 
the Byzantine, fell into a fisherman's net off Ancona. The captor, 
making a merit of necessity, destines it for the chief pontiff, — for 
the shores were full of informers, — and hurries with it to the Alban 
villa. Here a crowd admiring stops him ; when it parts the doors fly 
open ; the senate waits without. Brought to the great man, he begs 
him accept the fish as one reserved for his times and eager for the 
honor of being served up at his table. What flattery could be grosser ? 
and yet Domitian's feathers rise. 72-129. But where find a dish 
capacious enough to contain the fish ? This is a point for a council 
of state to determine. A council is summoned. First comes Pegasus, 
the city's bailiff — for what else then were prefects ? — an upright 
judge, but much too merciful for the times he lived in. Pleasant old 
Crispus next, whose heart was like his speech, a man of gentle 
temper; an excellent companion for the world's master, if he might 
speak his honest mind. But who dare so speak to such a tyrant, 
when on every trivial sentence hung one's life ? Crispus was not the 
man to swim against the stream, and risk his life for truth : and so 
he lived in safety eighty years. Then comes Acilius, with his son, 
who is one day to fall a victim to the tyrant's jealousy (for nobility 
and great age have long been strangers), which he in vain endeavors 

160 



SATIRE IV. 161 

to lull by devoting himself to sports unworthy of his birth. Next, 
and, though not marked out by noble birth for Domitian's hatred, 
not less alarmed, comes Rubrius, guilty of a foul offence, but impu- 
dent as the catamite who writes satires. Then come Montanus with 
his belly huge, and the scented fop Crispinus reeking with perfumes ; 
the informer Pompeius too, whose softest whisper was a dagger ; and 
Fuscus, who dreamt of wars in his marble villa, and kept his vitals 
for the Dacian vultures. Crafty Veiento then, and Catullus, whose 
blindness preserved him not from lust — a conspicuous monster even 
for our times, whose ready adulation might qualify him to gain his 
living as a beggar : none admires the fish so much as he, though 
indeed he turns to the left to admire, while the creature lies on his 
right ; — in the same way he is wont to praise the fighters and the 
stage-tricks in the theatre. Veiento finds in the capture of the foreign 
fish an omen of triumph over some foreign king ; and he can almost 
tell the animal's country and its age. 130-149. " Well, now," says 
the Sire, " what think ye ? is it to be cut ? " " Nay/' says Montanus, 
" far be such disgrace ! Let 's get a noble dish to put it in, Pro- 
metheus too to make it ; haste, clay and wheel ! henceforth, O Caesar, 
potters must attend your court." His motion, worthy of a palate 
trained at Nero's table, was adopted ; no one has beat him in my 
time in gastronomic lore. He 'd tell you at a taste where an oyster 
came from, and declare at sight an echinus' native coast. The council 
is dismissed, having been convoked in as headlong haste as though 
some war had broken out. 150-154. And would that, engrossed with 
such fooleries, Domitian had wanted time for the murder of Rome's 
nobles, whom he slew with impunity until the rabble began to fear 
him. — Mayoe and Macleane, in part. 



1. Crispinus. See i. 27, note. 

2. Ad partes (sustinendas), to play his part. " I must often bring 
him on the stage." 

4. Deliciae, "a rake" (Mayor) ; or, with more sarcasm, the pretty 
darling; the jackanape. The reading here given is the best sup- 
ported. 

Viduas, unmarried women ; " women without husbands, whether 
they had ever had one or not." 

Tantum (only, alone) modifies viduas. 

Spernatur. From the deponent spernor, a very rare form. Another 
reading is aspematur. 

6. The rich built private porticoes (i. e. covered walks or colon- 
nades), under whose shelter they took drives in bad weather. 
"Fatiget is a poetical word in this connection. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 
316." 

11 — Juv. 2 



162 NOTES. 

Vectetur. " Is carried about in his lectica or sella." 
7. Supply vicinas foro with aedes. So Jahn and others. 
9 sq. Incest was committed either with virgines sacratae or pro- 
pinquae sanguine (Isidor. Orig. v. 26, 24, cited by Mayor). " Of 
such incest (with a vestal virgin) Crispinus had been guilty, but was 
screened from punishment by Domitian. Unchaste Vestals were 
carried out on a litter to the Colline gate, and there immured in a 
chamber under ground, no sacrifices being offered." 

12. Idem refers to the leviora facta. 

Caderet sub judice mor um = damnaretur a censor e (S.). Cf. 
Nagelsbach's Stilistik 127, 1. Domitian took upon himself the 
censorship for life ; being the first of the emperors who assumed that 
office. 

13. (Lucius) Titius and (Gaius) Seius were the " John Doe and 
Richard Roe " of the Roman law-books; German "Hinz und 
Kunz." 

14. Quid agas, etc. What are you to do when you have to repre- 
sent a character whose crimes beggar all description? (Mayor.) The 
indefinite second person. (See the Grammars.) 

15. Crimine, accusation, charge. 

Sex milibus, for six thousand sesterces, or six sestertia; about $230 
in our gold. 

16. The pounds in the mullet equalled the sestertia jyaid ; i. e. it 
weighed six pounds. The mullet was esteemed in proportion to its 
size. The ordinary weight was two, or at most four, pounds. 

Sane, it is trite. " Said ironically, as though in excuse." 

18. Artificis, the crafty contriver ; the artful fellow. 

19. Praecipuam in tabulis ceram, the chief place in the will. Cf. 
Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 53. "A will was usually contained in three tablets 
(prima, secunda, and ima cera or tabula), in the first two of which 
were entered the names of the heredes, and in the third those of the 
' substitute/ who took in the event of any heres being disqualified." 

20. Est ratio ulterior, there is a motive which goes still further, — 
a motive beyond that. He hopes to gain something through the 
influence of the "magna arnica," as well as from herself. 

21. Cluso (P, s) = clauso (w). 

Specularibus. Windows of lapis specularis (mica or talc). Glass 
too was known to the ancients ; " panes of glass having been found 
at Herculaneum, Pompeii, Yelleia." 

Antro. " Her closed up den " is her sella. 

23. Apicius, called here in bitterly ironical comparison with Cris- 



SATIRE IV. 163 

pinus " sordid and niggardly" " poor frugal man," was a notoriously 
extravagant gourmand in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. 
Hoc, pretio (25). 

24. Crispinus had been a slave in Egypt (Sat. i. 26) ; hence patria. 
Cheap clothing was sometimes made of the coarser kind of papyrus. 
Plin. H. N. xiii. 22 (11) : ex ipso quidem papyro navigia texunt; et 
e libro vela tegetesque nee non et vestem, etiam stragulam ac funes. 
" In such coarse garments, tucked up as the manner of slaves was 
(Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 10), Crispinus used to appear in former days." 
Ruperti, citing Anacreon iv. 4 sq., understands papyro not of the 
tunic, but of a cord, passing round the neck, by which the tunic was 
held up when the wearer was succinctus. 

25. Hoc pretio squamam, sc. emisti. This reading ( Valla, Cra- 
merits ad schol.) is adopted by Jahn and by most of the recent editors. 
Pu> read hoc pretio squamae, and so Lewis. Macleane, after a few 
MSS., hoc pretium squamae. H. A. J. Munro, in a note furnished 
Mayor, asks, " Is it certain that the MS. reading (23, 25) will not 
do? hoc tuf . . . . hoc pretio squamae! i. e. hoc tufecisti! hoc pretio 
squamae emptae sunt !" — Notice the humorous exaggeration in 
saying a fish- scale for a fish. 

26 sq. In the provinces you may buy an estate for the money, but 
a still larger one in Apulia. (Land in Apulia brought a low price.) 
Notice the use of sed in the sense of and moreover or yes, and. But 
why do I say " the provinces " in general, when in Apulia, where 
land is cheap, you could get a lordly domain for that sum ? Cf. Ov. 
Met. viii. 283 : misit aprum, quanto maiores herbida tauros non habet 
Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores. Mart. ix. 42, 3 : scelus est, 
mihi crede, sed ingens. Plaut. Hud. 799 : DAE. duas clavas. la. 
clavas? DAE. set probas. So often mais in French. Cf. Moliere 
VAvare iii. 9 : vous etes un astre, mais un astre le plus bel astre qui 
soit dans le pays des astres. 

28. Putamus. Notice the indicative. There is no doubt implied 
in the question, and no deliberation is needed for its answer. 

29. Juvenal uses the archaic and dignified form induperator, for 
imperator, with mock gravity. 

30. De margine. As we say, from the side-dishes ; as opposed to 
the caput caenae, or principal dish (at large dinners commonly a 
wild boar), in the middle of the board. 

31. Purpureus. Cf. Sat. i. 27. 

Palati. " The palace which the successive emperors occupied was 
on the Palatine hill." 



164 NOTES. 

32. Princeps equitum, i. e. praefectus praetor io* Cf. Veil. ii. 127, 
47 ; Suet. Galb. 14, Casaub. (Mayor.) 

33. Municipes fracta de merce siluros, the sheat-fish of his town- 
ship from his damaged wares. For fracta Ribbeck (after C. Barth) 
reads farcta, understanding it of cured-fish closely packed. Various 
unnecessary emendations have been proposed. 

34 sq. You need not rise, as you would for poetry and song ; I only 
ask a plain narrative of facts. 

37. Jam (by this time) limits semianimum (pronounced here 
" semyanimum "). 

Flavius. The full name of Domitian was Titus .Flavius Domi- 
tianus Caesar Augustus. He was the third Flavius. Though he 
was the last emperor who had borne the gentilician name of Flavius 
when this satire was written, all the Constantines were Flavii. 
Macleane. 

38. Calvo. Domitian was very sensitive about his baldness. Juve- 
nal calls him a Nero, to intimate that he was as bad a man as that 
tyrant. With still greater sarcasm Tertullian {De Pall. 4) calls him 
Buhner o. 

39. Incidit. " Sinus" is the object of this verb as well as of 
implevit : " incidit in sinus retis eosque implevit," fell into the meshy 
folds and filled them. See Nagelsbach, 90, 3. 

Adriaci spatium admirabile rhombi. This is like Crispi jucunda 
senectus (81) ; mite Thaletis ingenium (xiii. 184). u The rhombus is 
usually supposed to have been a turbot, but it is uncertain ; it was a 
flat fish." 

40. Ancon, the modern Ancona, was founded by refugees from 
Syracuse, which was a Dorian city. Here was a temple of Venus, 
the tutelar deity of the place, built probably upon a height, whence 
sustinet, holds up. 

41. Haeserat (sc. sinubus), had been caught. 
Illis, sc. rhombis. Ablative. 

42. 43. " The turbots of the Black Sea were supposed to get fat 
and big by hibernating." — Torrentis (S), rapid, streaming, is un- 
questionably the true reading. So Madvig and the best editors. 
The MSS. torpentis. 

46. The office of pontifex maximus was always borne by the 
emperors from Augustus downwards for about four centuries. Juve- 
nal uses just this title here partly in scorn, and partly perhaps be- 
cause the pontifical dinners were proverbial for luxury. 

Proponere, to offer for sale. 



SATIRE IV. 165 

48-52. Delatore. There were informers all along the coast, who 
poked into the very weeds for something to tell about, and they 
would soon call the poor fisherman to account, and would be ready 
to swear they knew the fish by sight, and that it had got away from 
the emperor's preserves, and must be sent back to its old master. 
(Macleane.) 

Agerent cum, would take the law of. 

53. Palfurius and Armillatus were jurists and notorious informers. 

55. Fisci, of the imperial treasury. 
Donabitur, sc. piscis. 

56. Ne per eat, lest it should be lost ; lest the captor should lose all 
profit from it. — Letifero. In autumn the pestilential south-wind 
(auster) prevailed. 

57. Quartanam sperantibus aegris. The patients hope that their 
disease will assume a milder form as the cold weather comes on. Cic. 
ad Fam. xvi. 11, 1 : cum in quartanam conversa vis est morbi, .... 
spero te, diligentia adhibita, etiam firmiorem fore. 

58. Recentem, fresh, untainted. So kept by the cold. 

59. Hie, " our man ; " the fisherman. 

60. Lacus. The plural either means "the broad bosom of the 
lake " — (the Alban lake lies directly under the site of Domitian's 
villa) — or comprehends the lake of Nemi also, if not other lakes 
now dry. See Orelli on Horat. Carm. iv. 1, 19. It should be re- 
marked, however, that Pliny speaks of the Vallericcia (which had 
been a lake in ancient times, and was again in the Middle Ages) as 
dry in his day. 

Diruta, etc. Alba was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, but the 
temples were spared. 

61. Minorem. The lesser as compared with the great temple at 
Rome. 

63. Cessit, sc. turba miratrix. 

64. Patres. Domitian used to convene the senate at his Alban 
house. 

65. Atriden. A sarcastic assimilation of Domitian to Agamemnon, 
— a model in the Roman poets of the dominus superbissimus, on 
account of his sacrificing Iphigenia, and his arrogance towards 
Achilles. 

Picens. Ancon was in Picenum. 

66. Majora, things too great for. 

Genialis, etc., let this day be celebrated to your Genius. " The 
genius is the divine element which is born with a man, and when he 



166 NOTES. 

dies becomes a lar, if he is good; if he is wicked, a larva, or a lemur. 
Departed genii were called manes — ' good fellows ' — doubtless with 
a view to propitiation.' ' (Gildersleeve, on Pers. ii. 3.) See note on 
Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 187. To give one's self to feasting and personal in- 
dulgence was called genio indulgere or obsequi, genium curare or 
placare, while the opposite was genium defraudare. 

67. Stomachum laxare saginans, ltt to let your stomach out by 
cramming it,' i give yourself a good blow-out/ " H. A. J. Munro, 
who joins with Mayor in giving this text : " as saginam and saginas 
are the best attested readings, saginans may be right." Jahn gives 
(also from conjecture) saginae, with the sense " relieve your stomach 
(by means of emetics) for a good meal." 

69 sq. Quid apertius ? (what flattery could be more glaring?) et 
tamen illi surgebant cristae. Eaoul gives the sense thus : 

" Quelle derision ! le despote credule 
En concoit cependant un orgueil ridicule." 

71. Domitian caused all letters to his procuratores to begin with 
"Dominus et Deus noster sic fieri jubet." Dis aequa = deorum 
potestati aequa. This comparison of some quality of one person 
directly with another person or persons is a frequent usage. Cf. iii. 
74. M. 280, 2; Z. 767. 

72. Mensura, i. e. the proper, corresponding size. On the omission 
of such adjectives see Nagelsbach 76, 2. 

74. Pallor, etc. The very friendship of the tyrant, wretched no 
less than distinguished, is fraught with danger. 

75. Liburno, sc. servo ; the servus admissionis. 

76. Rapta = correpta, 

77. Pegasus was a jurist of eminence in this and the preceding 
reigns. 

Attonitae. The city under the tyrant was mazed with horror, 
thunderstruck, semianima (37). 

Modo, lately ; but just now. 

Vilicus (villicus). Juvenal calls the praefectus urbi a steward or 
bailiff", as though the city were the emperor's private estate and the 
people his slaves. 

78 sqq. Optimus .... sanctissimus {most conscientious), etc. 
Referring still to Pegasus. 

81. Crispi jucunda senectus, the cheerful (pleasant, jovial) old man 
Orispus. He was an orator famed for the pleasant, easy flow of his 
eloquence. 



SATIRE IV. 167 

82 sq. Mite ingenium, " a gentle nature." 

84. Clade et peste. Applied to Domitian : abstract for concrete. 

85. Si liceret (ei), if he had been alloived. The imperfect is used 
in the Latin, because in affirmative narration we should have licebat 
consilium adferre, the imperfect of a continued state or customary 
action. 

86. Violentius, more irritable, more touchy. 

88. Pendebat, " hung suspended in the balance." 

93. Armis, armor. 

94. Ejusdem aevi, of the same age (as Crispus). Homo is often 
omitted in the poets before such genitives of quality or description. 

94 sq. Acilius .... juvene. M\ Acilius Glabrio, father and son, 
both senators, the son also consul. Domitian caused him to be exe- 
cuted on a charge of treason, after he had fought with lions (Xiuvra 
Dio Cass, lxvii. 14) at the Alban villa, and come off uninjured. 

96. Domini, of the Sire; strictly " of the lord." Domitian insisted 
on receiving this title, which Augustus and Tiberius declined. The 
early Christians refused to give it. See note on verse 71. 

Olim est, has long been. This use of olim is characteristic of the 
silver age. Cf. iii. 163. Cicero would say jamdudum. 

97. Domitian killed the rich and noble to get their money. 

98. Fraterculus gigantis, a giant's little brother, means a man of 
obscure birth. Such men were called popularly terrae filii (Tertul. 
Apol. 10), and the giants were sons of Earth. 

101. Artes patricias. " The various arts the patricians had re- 
course to to save themselves. Glabrio' s was that of degrading him- 
self into a venator." 

103. Such a trick as that of Brutus, who passed himself off for a 
fool, might go down with Tarquinius Superbus, a king of the old 
days when they wore beards, but was not likely to impose upon 
modern tyrants. (Macleane.) 

104. Melior vultu, more cheerful. Mart. iv. 1, 4: semper et hoc 
vultu vel meliore nite. 

105. Rubrius Gallus, who is said to have corrupted Julia the 
daughter of Titus, and to have feared that her uncle would punish 
him for the crime. 

106. Inprobrior, more impudent, more shameless in abusing others, 
than a pathic who should turn satirist, in aliis sua vitia repre- 
hendens. 

107. And now the big, unwieldy belly of Montanus waddles into 
the hall. This may be the Curtius Montanus mentioned by Tacitus, 
but it is uncertain. 



168 NOTES. 

108. Amomo. A perfume prepared from the leaves of a shrub, 
supposed to be the cissus vitiginea, which grew in India, Armenia, 
Media, and Pontus. To go perfumed in the morning was an ex- 
travagance. 

109. " A corpse was thoroughly smeared with ointment ; burning 
censers were carried in the funeral procession, and perfumes of all 
sorts, and flowers, were thrown upon the funeral pile." 

110. Pompeius. An unknown delator. 

Saevior aperire. M. 419. The use of the infinitive after the adjec- 
tive corresponds to its poetical use after the cognate verb saevio. 

112. Cornelius Fuscus was employed by Vespasian in high com- 
mands, and by Domitian as " praefectus " of the praetorian troops. 
He was sent by him on an expedition against the Dacians, and was 
killed, together with the greater part of his army, by that people. 
Retirement and the degrading life of a Roman senator of that day 
did not suit him, and he thought of battles even in his marble villa. 
(Macleane.) 

113. For the crafty Fabricius Veiento, see note on iii. 185. 
Catullus Messalinus, blind (or nearly so) and cruel, was mortifer 

as an informer. He lusted after a woman he had no eyes to see. 

116. Dirusque a ponte satelles is generally interpreted as meaning 
"he was brought from begging at the bridges, where beggars com- 
monly stood, to be Domitian's savage servant." Emendations of the 
text have been attempted, without satisfactory success. Lewis sug- 
gests that a ponte satelles may mean " a satellite such as one might 
pick up at one of the bridges/' "a beggarly flatterer." 

117. The Arician hill, on the Appian way, swarmed with beggars. 
Aricia was about sixteen miles from Rome. 

118. Devexae. As it goes down hill. 

119. Rhombum stupuit. C. 121, 2, a, c ; M. 223, c; R. 1123; Z. 
383 infin. ; A. 237, b; G. 329, Rem. 1 ; H. 371, 3 ; B. 716. 

121. Cilicis. A gladiator of the time. Cf. Threx and Syrus, Hor. 
Sat. ii. 6, 44. Cilician gladiators were common. 

Ictus. His cuts and thrusts, i. e. his swordsmanship. (Lewis.) 

122. Pegma, the stage-machine. The "pegruata" were great 
wooden structures, of two or more stories, which let up and down by 
machinery, or parted or came together. Here, by some ingenious 
contrivance, a boy is suddenly carried up to the awnings from the 
pegma, for the amusement of the spectators, and the blind flatterer 
pretends to admire a thing he cannot see. 

123. Non cedit. Veiento will not be outdone by Messalinus. 



SATIRE IV. 169 

127. Arviragus. No British prince of this name is recorded by any 
writer. 

128. Sudes, properly stakes, here fins. " The beast is foreign, and 
behaves himself rebelliously ; lo, how he seems armed for resistance, 
rebel-like! " (Holyday, cited by Mayor.) 

129. Fabricio. Veiento (line 113). 

130. Domitian, in all form, calls on his council of state for their 
opinion. Cf. Liv. i. 32: "die," inquit ei, quern primum sententiam 
rogabat, " quid censes ? " 

Conciditur, is it to be cut up f Is that in your minds ? An inter - 
rogatio de re statim peragenda. For the tense, see note on iii. 296, 
quaero. Cf. Madvig Opusc. ii. 40 sq. The emperor thinks there is 
no possibility that such a question should be entertained. 

132, Colligat, may contain. — Orbem, circumference (of the fish), 

133. Prometheus. I. e. a potter. Man was the splendid pottery 
that he made. 

135. Castra, " sc. domestical But Juvenal introduces the word 
in sarcasm against the emperor, who was cowardly and unwarlike, 
although vain of his military titles and pretended prowess. 

136. Vicit, carried the day; prevailed. The proper technical 
word. Cf. Liv. ii. 4 : cum in senatu vicisset sententia, quae censebat 
reddenda bona. 

137 sq. Noctes Neronis jam medias, Nero's revels prolonged even 
till midnight. 

Aliam famem. Either the second appetite which follows hard 
drinking (as the scholiast has it), or that caused by the use of 
emetics. 

Pulmo. Lewis says that this word must be taken of " the inside n 
generally. But Juvenal may use a popular mode of speech, although 
famous physicians had pointed out the error of Alcaeus and Plato in 
speaking of wine as passing into the lungs. 

139. Usus, experience. 

141. Saxum. I. e. rocky coast. 

Eutupino. Butupiae, the modern Richborough, was a haven of 
the Cantii in the south of Britain. The ordinary route to England 
was from Bononia {Boulogne) to Butupiae. 

142. Depraendere = deprendere (deprehendere). 

143. Echini. The sea-urchin was esteemed by epicures as one of 
the best of shell-fish. 

145. Albanam in arcem = Albanam in villain. Cf. Tac. Agric. 45. 
11 For this place under the Alban mount, from which it received its 

P 



170 



NOTES. 



name, he chose out as a kind of citadel (fapdnohv)." Dio Cassius 
lxvii. 1. 

146. Attonitos, awe-stricken. 

149. Praecipiti pinna. Probably simply " on hurried wing ; " 
although the scholiast and others assert that as a laurel was inserted 
in letters of victory, so a feather in letters announcing ill-tidings ; or 
that the messengers in the first instance bore a spear entwined with 
laurel, in the second a feather on the spear-point or in their caps. 

153 sq. " Domitian had murdered the noblest citizens with im- 
punity, but when he began to practise upon the vulgar, they got rid 
of him. He was murdered Sept. 18, A. D. 96, by certain conspirators 
whom he had resolved to put to death." 

Cerdonibus, "by the Hobs and Dicks." Conington (in a note 
furnished to Munro) says, " I should print Cerdo as a [plebeian] 
proper name, answering to Zamiarum, and in viii. 182 to Volesos 
Brutumque. From Jahn's note on Persius iv. 51, and addendum, I 
have little doubt that it stands on the same footing as Dama, mean- 
ing a slave, and Manias, meaning a beggar; a name used generically, 
but not to be confounded with an ordinary substantive. It is like 
the Hob and Dick of Shakspeare's Coriolanus." 

Lamiarum. Domitian took away from the Aelius Lamia of his day 
his wife, married her, and afterwards put Lamia to death. Horace 
has two odes addressed to his friend Aelius Lamia of this family. — 
Notice the skill with which the poet has put Lamiarum in the same 
place in the verse as the contrasted word cerdonibus. Cf. eadem and 
aliam, in V. 51, 52. 



SATIRE V 



ARGUMENT. 

1-11. IF you are not yet ashamed, Trebius, of the life you have 
chosen, submitting to anything for a dinner, I would not believe you 
on your oath. The stomach wants but little ; but suppose you have 
not that little, why can't you beg? 11-23. For, first, when you 've 
had your dinner, you 've got your full reward ; though it comes but 
seldom, your patron, Virro, puts it down to your account. Once in 
two months he has a vacant place at his table, and says, " Come and 
dine : " the height of your ambition ! the reward for which you are 
ready to break your rest, in order to anticipate your brother parasites 
in the officium salutandi at uncouth hours of the morning ! 24-79. 
And what kind of a dinner is it ? The wine is such that wool refuses 
it. If it gets into your head, Virro's freedmen are ready to pick a 
quarrel with you for his amusement. The host, meanwhile, is drink- 
ing the choicest, oldest wines. Virro's cups are jewelled, yours of 
cracked glass ; or if a jewelled cup is set before you, a slave stands 
by to guard the treasure. The master gets his water iced, not you. 
On you an ill-favored Moorish runner waits ; on him a fair youth of 
Ionia, who would scorn to obey your orders. You must gnaw a crust 
of black, mouldy bread; if you venture to touch Virro's loaf, the 
slaves are at hand to make you restore it. "Then 't was for this" 
you mutter to yourself, " that I so often left my bed before dawn, 
and braved cold and hail in my zeal to do honor to my lord ! " 
80-106. See that great lobster, looking down scornfully upon the 
guests as it is borne along, — that goes to the master ; you get a scanty 
crab with half an egg. He oils his fish with fine Venafran, while 
your poor cabbage stinks of the lantern. Before Virro the most 
costly foreign fish are set ; before you the poorest, fed upon the garb- 
age of the sewers. 

107-113. But now a word with the rich man himself. Nobody 
asks of you the bounties which good rich men of old would send to 
their poor friends. We only beg you '11 dine as a fellow-citizen with 
his equals; then spend your money as you please. 

114-124. See before the host is a fat goose's liver, and a fowl as big 
as a goose, a wild boar, and truffles if 't is spring. ( u Keep your 

171 



172 NOTES, 

grain, Libya," the glutton cries, " but send us truffles ! ") To make 
one angry as can be, you see the carver nourishing his knife and 
dancing till he goes through all his lesson. 'T is of the first impor- 
tance with what gestures hares and fowls are carved! 125-131. 
You '11 be dragged by the heels, and put out of the door, if you 
venture to open your mouth, as if you were a freeman. Do you sup- 
pose the great man will ever drink to you ? Is any of you so bold as 
to pass him the cup and say " Drink " ? There are many things a 
man dare not say with holes in his coat. 132-145. But if the gods or 
some good man gave you a fortune, what a friend you would soon 
become of Virro's ! " Here, help Trebius ; put it before Trebius : 
allow me, my dear brother, to help you from the loin." It is the 
money that is " dear brother." But if, as a rich man, you want to be 
the patron's lord and master, you must be childless. Now that you 
are poor, however, your wife may have three children at a birth, and 
yet Virro will not be estranged from you, but amused rather by the 
prattle of the baby parasites. 

146-155. Suspicious mushrooms are for the poor friends, boletus for 
the master. Phaeaeian apples, stolen you 'd think from the Hesper- 
ides, are for the host and favored guests ; you eat such scabby fruit 
as the monkey gnaws on the goat's back learning his drill. 

156-173. Perhaps you think 'tis stinginess in Virro. No, he sets 
himself deliberately at work to tantalize his guests. What fun so 
great as a disappointed belly ? He wants to see you cry with rage 
and gnash your teeth. You think yourself a freeman and the rich 
man's guest : he thinks the smell of the kitchen draws you, and he 's 
right. What freeman is so poor that he would bear such treatment 
twice ? You 're cheated with false hopes of a good dinner. You sit 
in silent expectation, ready for the scraps that do not come. He 
serves you right. If you can bear all sorts of treatment, you ought 
to bear it. Some day you '11 come upon the stage to be flogged, you, 
so worthy of such feasts and such a friend. — Macleane and Mayor, 
in part. 



1. Propositi, purpose ; purposed course of life. 

2. Bona summa. More often summum bonum. The plural is used 
in humorous exaggeration. " You think that all the highest bless- 
ings are summed up in this." 

Aliena vivere quadra, i. e. " to live on the crumbs of another man's 
table." Quadra is used of a fragment (a square morsel), as in Sen. 
de Ben. iv. 29, 2: quadram panis ; Mart. ix. 91, 18: secta plurima 
quadra de placenta ; xii. 32, 18 : quadra casei ; Verg. Moret. 49. 
" Some flat round loaves, scored into four or eight parts, have been 
discovered at Herculaneum." Some take quadra for table, 

3. Sarmentus. A parasite in the time of Augustus. 



SATIRE V. 173 

Iniquas, ill-sorted; where prince and parasite feast together. 
(Mayor.) 

4. Gabba. Another parasite, servile and -wittol, though a wit. 

5. Jurato, on oath. (See C. 81, 2; M. 110, obs. 3.) 

6. Frugalius, " more easily satisfied." 

8. Crepido, the steps of a public building, a raised foot-path, the 
wall of a quay at the river-side, or other conspicuous position, fre- 
quented, as were also the bridges, by beggars. 

Vacat, sc. ad niendicanduni. 

Tegetis .... brevior, and a piece of matting (for a bed) too short 
by half. 

9. Tantine injuria cenae ? Do you prize so highly the insolence of 
a dinner f Cenae is epexegetic genitive. C. 133, 5. 

10 sq. Is your hunger so ravenous, when it might more honorably 
at the street-side or on the bridge (illic) even stand shivering and 
gnawing dirty bits of dog-biscuit ? 

12. Fige. Similar to pone, but stronger. 

Jussus, invited, bidden. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 708 : toris jussi discum- 
bere pictis. 

13. Mercedem solidam, payment in full. 

14. Inputat, charges to your account, claims gratitude for. Cf. 
Tac. Germ. 21. This use of the word is post- Augustan. 

Eex. The vox propria for patr onus. 

17. " Of the three couches in a triclinium, the summus lay to the 
left, and the imus to the right of the medius. The medius lectus was 
the most honorable post, then the summus. It was not usual for 
more than three to recline on each couch. Between the guests were 
placed pillows (culcitae), on which they rested their left elbows." 

19. Trebius. The parasite. 

20. Dimittere, to leave unfastened. 

21. Alarmed lest his rivals should already have gone the round of 
their patrons. (Mayor.) 

22. Dubiis, " fading from sight," in the early dawn. The other 
time (illo tempore) is earlier, when the wagon of Bootes is seen 
slowly wheeling around. 

23. Frigida. Because Bootes is a northern constellation. 

24. Sucida (succida) lana is wool lately cut but not yet cleaned. 
Wool in this state was used, drenched with oil, or wine, or vinegar, 
for healing applications. But this wine the very wool would reject. 
(.Macleane.) 

25. Corybanta. I. e. frantic as the priests of Cybele. 

P2 



174 NOTES. 

Videbis. The subject is general; but the tu of torques (26) refers 
to Trebius. 
27. Rubra. Bloody. 

29. Saguntina commissa lagona, waged with Saguntine pitchers. 
" The lagona (Aayvvo?) was an earthenware jug with a handle." 

30. Ipse. The great man himself. 

Diffusum (bottled), sc. vinum. "Diffusum is the word for trans- 
ferring from the dolium, the large vessel in which the wine fermented, 
to the amphora or cadus in which it was kept." 

Capillato consule. Under some consul with long hair; an exag- 
geration, as the Eomans are said to have left off beards and long hair 
300 years before Christ. 

31. Bellis socialibus. The war waged by the Italian allies, with 
the Marsi at their head (cf. Hor. Carm. iii. 14, 18), in order to secure 
the enjoyment ot the civitas which had been promised them by Livius 
Drusus. 

32. Cardiaco. Plin. H. N. xxiii. 25, 1 : cardiacorum morbo unicam 
spem in vino esse certum est. 

Cyathum. A ladle, holding the twelfth of a pint, with which the 
wine was drawn from the crater (tureen, punch-bowl), into the cups. 

33 sq. " The Alban wine (famed for its excellence in modern times 
also) was inferior only to the Falernian, in the opinion of Dionysius 
of Halicarnassus (though ranked by Pliny as only third-rate). But 
in the days of Juvenal, the Setine, a Campanian wine, had come to 
be the favorite vintage." 

34. Titulum, V etiquette. The name of the consul in whose year 
the wine was made, and also the name of the vineyard, were painted 
on the amphorae or written on tickets. 

35. Fuligine. When the natural process of ripening was to be 
hastened by exposure to smoke, it was customary to place the wine in 
bins erected in such a manner as to receive the hot air and smoke of 
the bath-furnaces. 

36 sq. P. Thrasea Paetus was put to death by Nero, and his son- 
in-law, Helvidius Priscus, by Vespasian. They were stoics, and free 
in thought and speech. " They are here represented as drinking to 
their heroes' memory in the choicest wine, with crowns of flowers 
upon their heads, which was from the earliest times the common 
practice at dinner, especially on important occasions." 

38. L. Muller remarks that this is the only verse in Juvenal that 
ends with three spondees. 

38 sq. Heliadum crustas et inaequales berullo phialas, cups in- 



SATIRE V. 175 

crusted with (lit. incrustations of) the tears of ihe Heliades (i. e. 
with amber) and paterae (" saucers ") all rough with the beryl. 
" The crustae were exquisitely wrought in relief, and fastened upon 
the surface of the vessels they were intended to adorn." 

41. Ungues observet acutos. To watch your sharp nails, lest you 
should pluck any of the gems away. 

42. Excuse him ; there is a splendid jasper on that cup which is 
much admired. Some commentators give these words to the servant : 
" Excuse me ; but that cup has a fine stone on it." 

44. Quas. I. e. such as. 

45. Juvenis. Aeneas. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 261. 
Iarbae. Cf. Verg. Aen, iv. 36, 198. 

46. The cobbler of Beneventum is Yatinius, one of the vilest crea- 
tures of Nero's court, who rose to wealth and power first as a buffoon, 
and then as an unscrupulous accuser. His name was given to a 
drinking-cup with "nozzles" (nasibus) or spouts, < — perhaps from 
the length of his nose. 

47. Nasorum quattuor. Genitive of quality. 

48. Rupto .... vitro, and calling for sulphur (i. e. brimstone 
cement) for the broken glass. Others, in exchange for the broken 
glass. 

50. Decocta. Boiled water cooled down with snow. Nero is said 
to have introduced the custom. 

52. Aliam. A different water : i. e. neither boiled nor iced. 

52, 56. The poorer guests are served by a Moorish out-runner, the 
patron by an Ionian page. 

54. It was a bad omen to meet anything black in the night. 

55. Cf. i. 171, note. 57. Take pugnacis with Tulli. 

59 sq. The Moor is your "Ganymede," — a name often given to 
minions, such as this flos Asiae. 

61. Miscere. To mix the wine and water. 
Puer. Virro's page, " flos Asiae." 

Sed — sed = at — at. 

62. Digna supercilio. Justify his disdain. 

63. "The guests at Roman feasts were served with either hot or 
cold water, as they preferred. A favorite drink was warm water 
mixed with wine and spiced." 

64. Quippe. You must know. (Mayor.) 

65. Quod with the subjunctive gives the reason in the mind of the 
slave spoken of, who is the agent in the main proposition (indig- 
natur, etc.). 



176 NOTES. 

67. Murmure, grumbling. 

68. Vix fractum (sc. mola). (Made of meal) hardly ground. A 
very coarse bread, with the grains almost entire. Otherwise under- 
stood of " bread too hard to be cut, which has with difficulty been 
broken into rough lumps." 

Jam mucida. Mouldy by this time. 

69. Quae agitent. Quae = talia ut. Anthon makes the subjunc- 
tive here one of purpose : " intended to." 

72. Artoptae, of the bread-mould (distinguishing the master's fine 
bread from yours). 

73. Inprobulum, a trifle audacious. 

Superest illic, there is one standing over you there. 

74. Vis tu, will you f exactly in our sense, " will you keep quiet? " 
(Lewis.) Voulez-vous bien. Perhaps we more often say, will you 
not? It is a formula of bidding or exhortation. (Gronovius on Sen. 
de Ira iii. 38 ; Bentley on Hor. Sat. ii. 6, 92.) 

75. Impleri, Jill yourself. Middle. 

76 sqq. It was for this, it seems (scilicet), mutters Trebius to him- 
self, that I so often left my bed before dawn, and braved cold and 
hail, in my zeal to pay my respects to my patron. 

Fuerat. "This end I had proposed to myself." Cf. Kamshorn, 
p. 602 ; Ov. Her. v. 69 ; Ep. e Pont. iii. 3, 37. 

77 sq. Per — Esquilias. Hendiadys. " Up the hill which had to 
be faced, the cold Esquiline." Under the empire, this hill had be- 
come a fashionable place of residence. 

79. The paenula was a heavy, sleeveless cloak. 

80-90. First course. A fine lobster with asparagus for the patron ; 
a little crab with half an egg for the client. 

80. Distinguat, adorns, sets off, marks. Some editors read dis- 
tendatj after inferior manuscripts. 

81. Squilla. Here a lobster or a sea-crab; sometimes prawn or 
shrimp. 

82. Asparagus is generally used in the plural : heads or stalks of 
asparagus, or young shoots of similar plants. 

84. Dimidio constrictus ovo, garnished (lit. hemmed in) with half 
an egg. Some suppose the egg sliced ; others the fish covered with 
a thin batter. 

Cammarus. A common crab or crayfish. 

85. Feralis cena, a funereal supper. At the feriae novemdiales 
or novemdialia a very simple meal was laid on the grave nine days 
after burial. 



SATIRE V. 177 

86. Venafrano, sc. oleo. The best oil in Italy. 

87. Pallidus, withered, sickly. 

88. Olebit lantemam. M. 223, e, obs. 2; R. 1123; Z. 383 (second 
paragraph) ; A. & G. 52, 1, c; G. 329, Rem. 1 in fin.; H. 371, 3, (2) ; 
A. & S. 232, (2) ; B. 716. 

Illud, sc. oleum. 

Alveolis, small dishes, saucer-shaped. Lewis translates " sauce- 
boats," wrongly. 

89. Canna, a canoe of cane. " Probus exponit, cannam navem 
esse quae gandeia (ganleia Jae. Gronovius) dicatur." 

Micipsarum, of the Ificipsas, although only one Micipsa is known ; 
i. e., of the Numidians. Generic plural. 
Subvexit, has brought up (the Tiber to Rome). (Mayor.) 

90. 91. Numidian or African oil was so fetid that the natives 
besmeared with it had nothing to fear from snakes, who got out of 
the way to avoid the smell, and no Roman would bathe with them. 

Boccare (or Bocchare). Poetic individualization for any African. 

91. This line is omitted in some of the best MSS. Tutos, sc. vos. 
92-106. Second course. A costly barbel and a lamprey for the 

patron ; for the client an eel or a pike from the Tiber fattened in the 
sewers. 

93. Rupes. Sen. N. Q. iii. 18, 4: audiebamus nihil esse melius 
saxatili mullo. 

Peractum, gone through, " ransacked." 

96. Proxima. Sc. maria ac flumina. 

98. Laenas, a legacy-hunter. Aurelia, the rich lady fished after, 
sells as much of her presents as she does not want. — " Observe the 
chiasmus in this line." Laenas is circumflexed on the last syllable. 
Prise, v. 22. 

101. Carcere. An allusion to Verg. Aen. i. 51. 

102. Contemnunt, brave. 

104. Tiberinus. Sc. lupus (pike). Cf. Horat. Sat. ii. 2, 31. 

Et ipse. It too (as well as the eel). 

106. Cryptam, drain, sewer. " The Subura lay in the hollow 
formed by the junction of three valleys : (i) that between the Quirinal 
and Viminal ; (ii) that between the Viminal and Esquiline ; (iii; that 
which separates the northerly portion of the Esquiline from the chief 
mass of the hill. The cloaca under the Subura [connected with the 
Cloaca Maxima, and] was directly accessible from the Tiber." " To 
penetrate so far, the fish must swim nearly a mile, through all the 
filth of the town." 
12 — Juv. 



178 NOTES. 

107. Ipsi. The host, ut passim. Pauca, sc. dicere. 

108. Modicis, humble, poor. 

109. The younger Seneca, Nero's teacher, and C. Piso, a conspirator 
against Nero, were noted for their wealth and liberality. 

Bonus, liberal, munificent. 

Cotta. Perhaps Aurelius Cotta, who lived in Nero's time. 

112. Civiliter, like a fellow-citizen, acknowledging that your guests 
have rights as well as yourself. Hence civilly, with civility; or 
socially. 

112-113. Esto, concessive imperative. 

113. Dives tibi, pauper amicis. Selfishly using your wealth only 
for your own enjoyment. 

114-124. Third course. " Foie gras," a fat capon, and a wild boar 
for the patron followed by truffles. The client looks on. 

117. It was thought that frequent thunder-storms produced truffles. 

118. Alledius. Any epicure. 

119. Dum = dummodo. C. 217, 3 ; M. 351, b, obs. 2. 

120. The structor arranged the dishes on the tray in which they 
were served up. (Verg. Aen. i. 704 : penum struere.) Another part 
of his duty was to carve the dishes, which he did with artistic 
flourishes. 

121. Chironomunta, the Greek participle in Roman letters 
(xiipovonovvTo), gesticulating, flourishing his knife about. 

122. Dictata, the lessons. There were regular professors of the 
art of carving. 

127. Hiscere, to open your mouth. 

Nomina. " Most freeborn Romans had a praenomen, as Publius, 
which denoted the individual ; a nomen, as Cornelius, which denoted 
his gens ; and a cognomen, as Scipio, which denoted his familia or 
stirps. To these was sometimes added an honorary name, called 
agnomen, as Africanus. Freedmen also assumed the praenomen 
and nomen of their liberator, generally before their own name." 

128. In drinking healths, it was a complimentary way to first take 
a draught, saying " bene te " or " bene tibi," and then pass the cup 
to the person saluted, with the word " bibe ! " 

129. Usque adeo, to such an extreme ; so utterly. 

130. Perditus, (so) reckless. — Regi, the patron. 

131. Pertusa. With holes in it. 

132. Quadringenta, sc. milia sestertium. The census equester. 
See iii. 154, note. 

133. Homuncio. "In amusing contrast to deus. Some good little 
man, like to the gods, and kinder than the fates." 



SATIRE V. 179 

135. Pone ad. Set (the dish) before, Cf. ad pedes, ad manum ; 
and on pono Aen. i. 706 : pocula ponunt. 

Frater. Horat. Epp. i. 6, 54 : frater, pater, adde ; ut cuique est 
aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta. 

136. Ilia. = lu nib us. " Would n't you like a nice slice off the loin 
(of the boar) ? " 

137 sq. If, as a rich man, you would be your patron's lord and 
master, you must be childless, that he may court you for a legacy. 

141. Nunc, as it is; now (that you are poor). 

My gale. Your wife. 

143. Viridem thoraca, a green doublet. Green was a favorite color 
for the dress of children and women. 

146-155. The desert. The finest mushrooms and fragrant apples for 
the patron and the other grandees, doubtful funguses for the client, 
and scabby apples, such as monkeys munch. 

147. Set (sed) quales, aye, and such as. Se^ note on iv. 26 sq. 
The emperor Claudius was very fond of mushrooms. His wife 
Agrippina poisoned him with one A. D. 54. 

151. Homer {Odys. vii.) represents the gardens of Alcinous, king 
of the Phseacians, as filled with perpetual fruits. 

152. Sororibus Afris. The Hesperides. 

153. In aggere. On the rampart of Servius Tullius. 

154 sq. A monkey is here represented, dressed up in regimentals 
and sitting on a goat, munching an apple in the intervals of throwing 
a dart for the amusement of spectators [and perhaps his master's 
gain]. So at last Mayor. Ab capella in the sense of from the back 
of a goat is justified by ab equo in Propert. iii. 11, 13, and Ovid. A. 
A. i. 210. 

157. Hoc agit, this is his aim ; he is bent upon this. Cf. v. 157 ; 
vii. 20, 48. 

159. Si nescis. " Elegans formula pro ut hoc scias, ne hoc ignores." 

163-5. Who that wore in his boyhood the golden bulla, or even the 
leathern bulla of the freedman's son, would so degrade himself as 
twice to submit to the insults of such a host? (Mayor.) The bulla, 
worn by children born free and rich, was hollow, and of two parts, 
globular or heart-shaped. It was suspended from the neck, and 
rested on the breast. The practice was of Etruscan origin. A leather 
strap with a knot at the end of it answered the same purpose with 
the poor. — Signum, i. e. signum libertatis. 

166. Jam, presently. 

168. Minor, too small for my lord. (Mayor.) Others take it as 
equivalent to semesa. 



180 NOTES. 

168 sq. Inde — tacetis. Thence it is that (or, in hope of this) you 
all sit in silent expectation, with the bread you have extorted from 
the slaves uneaten and grasped in your hands like a drawn sword 
ready for action. 

171. The morio or sticpidus was a standing character in comedy 
and mime. He is introduced with shaven crown, and cuffed and 
knocked about. Parasites sometimes suffered similar treatment at 
feasts. Cf. Ter. Eun. 243 sq. : at ego infelix neque ridiculus esse 
neque plagas pati possum. Plaut. Capt. 86 sq., 469. 




SATIKE VII. 



ARGUMENT. 

1-16. The hope and motive of our studies is in Caesar only. He 
only cares for the Muses in these times when poets leave the vales of 
Helicon and live by baths, by baking, or by auctioneering. For if 
Pierian woods won't give you bread, you must e'en ply the crier's 
trade. And this is better than to rise to wealth by the base art of 
lying in the courts, though Asiatic and Cappadocian and Bithynian 
knights may do it. 17-35. Henceforth, however, no poet shall be 
degraded to do dirty work. Up and bestir yourselves ! the prince is 
seeking whom he may reward. If you are looking for encourage- 
ment from any other quarter, burn your poems or leave them to the 
worms ; go break your pens and wipe out all your lines ; the rich 
men but admire and praise, as children do a peacock. But the useful 
years of life are passing, and when old age comes on, weary and poor 
though eloquent, it hates itself and its own Muse. 36-52. But hear 
their arts. To avoid giving poets their due, the rich man will be a 
brother poet (equal to Homer save in years), and free of the guild; 
at most, he will (which he can do without expense) lend a dusty 
room for recitation and freedmen to applaud ; but he '11 not give as 
much as the benches cost to hire. Still the poetic frenzy is not cured 
by all this neglect. 

53-97. But a rare bard, none of your common sort, is made so by 
a mind free from care and free from all bitterness, loving the woods 
and Muses' springs. 'T is not for poverty to sing. Horace was full 
when he cried Euhoe ! What room for genius if other cares than for 
his verse disturb the poet's breast? If Virgil had not had a servant 
and a tolerable house, the snakes had dropped from his Fury's head, 
her trumpet had been dumb. We expect forsooth that our poor 
playwright should rise to the old cothurnus, who to produce his play 
must pawn his dishes and his cloak. Numitor, poor man, has nothing 
for his friend, but plenty for his mistress and his lion — of course the 
brute eats less than a poet. Lucan may lie in his fine gardens con- 
tent with his great fame, but what is fame to poor Serranus and 
Saleius, suppose they get it? Statius delights the town who crowd 
to hear him ; but after all he starves if Paris does not buy his play. 

Q 181 



182 NOTES. 

Paris procures honors for the poet, a player what the great should 
do. Yet will you pay your court to those noble people ? Praefects 
and tribunes come of plays ; but you 'd not envy him who gets his 
living by the stage. Where will you find me now any of those 
Maecenases of old, in whose days many found it worth their while 
to pale their cheek with study and keep from wine through all 
December's holidays ? 

98-104. Next to speak of historians, — are their labors more pro- 
ductive ? History demands more time and pains than poetry. Yet 
vast as the field is, how scanty a crop does it yield ! 105-149. " But 
historians are an idle herd." Well, what do the lawyers get for all 
their roaring ? However (to deceive creditors or allure clients) they 
magnify their gains, the patrimonies of a hundred of them are 
counterbalanced by that of one driver in the circus. The court 
have taken their seats ; pale Ajax rises to plead for a man's liberty 
with a clown for judex. What is your pay ? A little quarter of 
rusty pork, or a jar of thunnies, or old roots, black slaves' rations, or 
five jars of bad wine. If, after four pleadings, you get a gold-piece, 
the attorneys must have a part according to agreement. Aemilius 
is a rich nobleman, and has a statue and triumphal chariot, and so 
he gets the largest fee allowed by the laws, and yet we can conduct 
a case better than he can. 'Tis this that brought Pedo to bank- 
ruptcy, and Matho too; this was Tongilius's ruin, whose broad 
purples got him credit. And yet these fine clothes are of use ; it 's 
policy to make a noise and wear the look of wealth. Trust we our 
eloquence ? Why Cicero would get nothing now unless he wore a 
great ring on his finger. No man employs you till he hears how 
many slaves you keep. So Paulus hired a ring and got more fees 
than Basilus or Cossus. Eloquence in rags is rare. What chance 
has Basilus of being heard ? Go off to Gaul or Africa and practise 
if you have set a value on your tongue. 

150-214. Do you teach rhetoric ? O nerves of steel, when your whole 
class is slaying savage tyrants ! They sit and read, and then get up 
and say it word for word from first to last,— the same old cabbage served 
again, killing the wretched teacher. All would learn rhetoric, but 
none will pay. " Your fee ? what have I learnt ? " " Of course it 's 
the teacher's fault that the boy is a blockhead, whose ' Hannibal ' 
has stunned me week by week. Ask what you will I '11 give it, if 
you can make his father listen as often as I have listened to his non- 
sense." Nor is Vettius a singular instance of a rhetorician who 
must leave his school-declamations for real strife in the courts, to sue 
his pupils for payment. Since then it is so small a pittance that the 
rhetor earns, not amounting at best to more than the cost of a ticket 
for bread, and since even for that he must go to law, I would advise 
him rather to follow any other profession. See how much the music- 
master gets, and you'll tear up your " Elements of Rhetoric." He 
builds him costly baths, and porticoes to ride in when it rains. 
What, must he wait till the sky clears, and go splash in the mud ? 
And then a dining-room on marble pillars. Whatever his house 
costs, he has his butlers and his cooks besides. Meantime Quintilian 
gets his two sestertia, and that a splendid fee! There's nothing a 
father will not pay more for than for his son. How then is Quintilian 



SATIRE VII. 183 

so rich ? He is a lucky man ; and your lucky man is everything 
that's great and good and wise and eloquent. It makes a great dif- 
ference under what star you were born. Fortune can make a rhe- 
torician consul, and if she please a consul rhetorician. What was 
Ventidius, what Tullius ? what but a star and influence of hidden 
destiny? Fate can give a slave a kingdom and a prisoner triumphs. 
But Quintilian is a lucky rhetorician, rare as a white raven. Many 
grow weary of the fruitless teacher's chair — witness Carrinas and 
Thrasymachus ; he too was poor to whom Athens could give nothing 
but cold hemlock. Light lie the earth and fragrant be the flowers 
above the worthies of old time who held the teacher in the place of 
parent ! Achilles on his father's hills learnt singing, and reverenced 
the rod when now grown up, unable to laugh even at the tail of his 
master the Centaur. But Rufus and the rest are flogged by their own 
pupils. 

215-229. Who pays the grammar-master what his toil deserves? 
E'en from his little fee the pedagogue nibbles part, and the paymaster 
will take his slice. Bear with the fraud, and bate a little of your 
just demand, like retailers selling blankets, provided only you do not 
utterly lose the trifle for which you 've sat from midnight till the 
dawn, where a blacksmith or a weaver would not sit, and smelt the 
lamps whose smoke stains Horace and blackens Virgil. But fees are 
few which can be recovered without a trial before the tribune. . 

229-241. But lay strict terms upon them, that the teacher speak 
grammatically, and know all history and all authors as well as the 
nails on his hand; so that at any moment he can tell who was 
Anchises' nurse, who and whence Archemorus' stepmother, how long 
Acestes lived, and how much wine he gave the Phrygians. Require 
that he shall mould his pupils' morals as a man makes a face of 
wax; require that he be their father, and keep them from vice. 
" This do," they say, " and when the year comes round you '11 have a 
gold-piece, as much as a jockey earns in a single race." — Macleane 
and Mayor, with modifications. 



1. Ratio, motive; "the raison-d'etre." 

Studiorum, as here, in the sense of studies, without an addition 
such as artium liberalium, is post-classical. 

Caesare. Probably Hadrian. 

4. Gabiis. For any small country town, in which but little custom 
could be expected. Cf. iii. 192. 

Furnos, ovens; bake-houses. 

6. Praecones, criers. They got persons to attend auctions, in 
which they called out the biddings, and stimulated the purchasers, 
while the magister auctionis knocked the lots down. They kept 
silence in public assemblies, like " ushers of the court." Their call- 



184 NOTES. 

ing was profitable, but despised ; and so long as they followed it, they 
were not eligible to the rank of decuriones. 

7. Atria, sc. auctionaria. 

8. Pieria. The grove of the Muses on Mount Helicon, between the 
fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene, is here called Pierian by the 
conventional name of the Muses, although the historical Pieria lay 
north of Olympus. 

9. Ames. Used like the Greek ayanav, cr/pyeiv, to be content with. 
Machaerae. Some praeco of the day. 

10. Commissa auctio, the auction's contest, " ubi licitantes utrinque 
pretio pugnant; translate a gladiator ibus." (Grangaeus, Mayor.) 
" Cf. committere proelium, ludos, spectaculum." Otherwise ex- 
plained as the auction entrusted to the praeco, or as an auction of 
forfeited goods (bonorum commissorum). 

11. Oenophorum, a wine-jar (with handles). Marquardt v. 2, 425. 
Armaria, cupboards, cabinets, or cases, standing against the walls ; 

French, armoires. 

12. Paccius and Faustus, tragic poets of the day. Alcithoe, 
daughter of Minyas, for her refusal to share in the worship of 
Dionysos,was changed into a bat. Thebes furnished many a subject 
for the stage. Tereus was the subject of tragedies by Sophocles, 
Philocles, Carcinus the younger, and Attius. 

13. Sub judice = apud judicem. 

14 sqq. Faciant, etc. Although slaves from Asia who have been 
raised to knighthood do so (i. e. give false testimony). 

15. The MSS. read equitesque. The first syllable of Bithyni is 
elsewhere long (Juv. x. 162 ; xv. 1). In the omission of -que, and in 
punctuation, I follow (with Mayor) H. A. J. Munro (note in Mayor's 
second edition), who has relieved the difficulties of a much vexed 
passage. The recent editors very generally have considered this 
verse as spurious. Retaining it, Asiani must (according to Munro) 
be limited to the people of the province Asia ; " thus Catullus, 
writing in Bithynia, says ad claras Asiae volemus urbes," and verse 
16 may be explained by the fact that " Bithynia and Gallatia had 
got very much mixed up together." 

16. Altera Gallia, New Gaul, i. e. Galatia ; so named from the 
Gallic tribes, which, separating from the main body of Gauls under 
Brennus, were invited into Asia B. C. 278 by Nicomedes of Bithynia, 
and were confined to the district which bore their name by Attalus I. 
cir. B. C. 230. (Mayor.) 

Nudo talo. Cf. pedibus albis, i. 111. 



SATIRE VII. 185 

Traducit, sends across the sea. Some render it "puts forward to 
view." 
18. Posthac. Now that the emperor favors genuine poets. 

20. Hoc agite, make this your earnest pursuit ; set about it. Cf. 
verse 48, and v. 157. 

21. Ducis. I. e. of the emperor. 

22. Si qua aliunde, if from any other quarter. 

23 sq. Crocea membrana tabella impletur, the parchment is filled 
by its yellow page: " by means of its yellow page; i. e., one page 
getting filled after another, the quaternion or whatever it may be of 
parchment is filled." (H. A. J. Munro.) Some understand crocea 
tabella of a wooden case or covers. 

Crocea. Cf. Ov. Trist. iii. 1, 13 : cedro flavus. 

25. Dona Veneris marito. Give to the flames. 

Telesinus. We are not to suppose that any particular person is 
referred to under this name. 

26. Clude (P, S, /, g.) = claude («). Shut up your books in the 
cases (in scriniis or in capsis), and let the worms eat holes in them. 

28 sq. Compare Ben Jonson's lines, at the end of the Poetaster : 

"I, that spend half my nights, and half my days, 
Here in a cell, to get a dark, pale face, 
To came forth worth the ivy or the bays, 
And in this age can hope no other grace." 

Cf. also Boileau, Ars Poet, iv. : 

"Aux plus savans auteurs, comme aux plus grands guerrier3, 
Apollon ne promet qu'un nom et des lauriers." 

Venias =prodeas ; Jonson's come forth. 

Hederis. Notice the plural, the ivies, "ivy wreaths." "The ivy, 
being sacred to Bacchus, formed the wreath of victors in scenic con- 
tests; thence transferred to poets generally." 

Imagine macra. c< A poor lean bust, such as a half-starved poet's 
would be. There were put up in the library of Apollo on the Pala- 
tine, and in other public and private libraries, busts of distinguished 
literary men." (Macleane.) 

32. Juno's bird is the peacock. 

32-35, " But the useful years of life are passing, in which success 
might be gained in other occupations, and a weary old age comes on, 
in which the poor poet has nothing to look to." 

36. Artes. Madvig (Opusc. ii. 176) introduced the period here, 

Q 2 



186 isroTES. 

and the comma in place of a period after r dicta (37). He is followed 
by Jahn, Ribbeck, Weidner. Artes, the tricks, the artful con- 
trivances of the rich, to excuse their neglect of poor poets. 

Iste (the demonstrative of the second person), that patron of yours. 

37. Poems were often recited in the porticos attached to the 
temples ; but our poet reserves his verses for his patron's ear. The 
temple of Apollo is that on the Palatine (Horat. Carm. i. 31), in 
which Becker infers from Mart. xii. 3, 7-8, that statues of the Muses 
also stood. There was a temple called Herculis Musarum, built by 
Fulvius Nobilior. Weidner interprets Musarum et Apollinis aede 
relicta of giving up independent, disinterested composition. 

38 sq. He acknowledges Homer as his superior only because he 
wrote a thousand years ago. 

40. Maculosas ( = sordidas). Heinrich's conjecture. P, macu- 
lonis ; w, maculonus. Weidner reads maculonsas, which orthography 
may account for these MS. readings. 

41. Longe = diu. See Forcellini. 
Servire. To serve your purpose. 

42. Sollicitas. Because beleaguered. 

Notice the distinction between janua and porta. 

43 sq. There are two kinds of claquers : the more intelligent freed- 
men, sitting at the ends of the rows, give the cue, and poor clients 
(comites), scattered about the room, obediently shout their bravos. 

45 sqq. Subsellia, the seats on the ground floor. Quae — tigillo, 
the rising-seats of hired plank that hang in the air (cf. " hanging- 
gardens," pendentes hortuli Semiramidos) . The orchestra, or the 
foremost rows, devoted to persons of distinction, is set out (posita est) 
with luxurious chairs. Reportandis, because hired. 

48. Hoc agimus, we pursue this purpose ; we are engrossed with 
this. Cf. Cic. Tusc. i. 20, 46. 

48, 49. Tenui — aratro. Proverbial expressions for labor thrown 
away. 

50. Si discedas, if you try to get away. The subjunctive means, 
in any instance, at any time. We have here the second person 
singular for a general indefinite subject. 

Ambitiosi. Jahn (followed by Ribbeck), wrongly deeming line 51 
an interpolation, reads ambit iosum, to agree with cacoethes. 

53. Publica, ordinary, common, commonplace. 

54. Expositum, trite. 
Deducere, to spin out. 

55. Coins a trivial poem of the common stamp. 



SATIRE VII. 187 

57 sq. Acerbi impatiens, ayevarog micpot, free from the suffering of 
bitterness, which is that of poverty, disappointment, mortification, 
and self-contempt. (Macleane.) 

58. Aptusque. The reading of the MSS. — Jahn and Weidner have 
avidusque, found in the Scholiast, where, however, it may be only a 
gloss on cupidus. Weidner moreover changes bibendis into bibendi. 

60. Thyrsum. " Bacchus and the Muses are always close com- 
panions." 

64. Dominis. For the ablative, see i. 13, note. 

Cirra (Cirrha) was the port of Delphi; its lord was Apollo. Nysa 
is the name of many places connected with Bacchus, — the original 
one being generally placed in the Punjaub ; here probably a village 
on Mount Helicon, which claimed to have been the home of the god 
in his boyhood. 

Feruntur, are carried away, borne headlong (in inspiration). 

66. Juvenal uses attonitae for perplexed, as the word belongs to 
inspiration. Cf. Hor. Carm. iii. 19, 13. (Macleane.) 

67, 68. I. e. to write like Virgil. 
Kutulum. I. e. Turnus. 

69. Desset = deesset. The use of the imperfect here and in the 
apodosis is lively, and has the same effect as the use of the historical 
present. Cf. M. 347, b, note 2; Z. 525; Verg. Aen. iii. 187 ; Prop, 
iii. 6, 43 sq. Many MSS. desit, which Kiaer defends (p. 206). 

70, 71. Cf. Verg. Aen. vii. 447, 513 sqq. 

72. Rubrenus Lappa. Some small play-writer, who was obliged to 
pawn his dishes and his cloak while writing his tragedy of Atreus. 

Cothurno. A symbol for tragedy. (Why?) On the ablative, cf. 
iii. 74, note. 

74 sqq. Numitor. Some great noble. The name is humorously 
taken to imply ancient descent. This great man — poor fellow — has 
nothing to send to his friend the poet, but plenty to give to his mis- 
tress, and enough to buy meat for his tame lion. (Macleane.) 

78. Nimirum, no doubt. Ironical. 

79. Jaceat. On the lectus. 

Lucanus. The author of the Pharsalia. He inherited a large for- 
tune from his father. 

Hortis marmoreis. I. e. in the gardens attached to his marble 
villa, themselves adorned with statues and surrounded with porticos. 

80. Serranus. Ranked by Quintilian fx. 1, 89) among epic poets; 
deep in debt, if he is the same as the person spoken of by Martial 
(iv. 37, 2 sqq.). 

Tenui, poor ; of slender estate. 



188 NOTES. 

Saleius Bassus. An epic poet praised by Tacitus and Quintilian. 

81. Tantum, only ; alone. (How is this meaning derived from the 
original meaning of the word?) 

82 sqq. P. Papinius Statius, author of the Thebais, and patronized 
by Domitian, recited portions of that epic from time to time during 
the twelve years in which he was composing it. It would appear 
that he had an agreeable voice. 

Diem. A day for reciting. 

86. Fregit subsellia. Cf. i. 13. " He has broken down the benches 
by his poem, i. e. by the loudness and energy with which he re- 
cites it." 

87. Intactam — Agaven, unless he sell his virgin " Agave " to 
Paris. Paris, a native of Egypt, was a pantomime of great celebrity 
in Domitian's reign. Martial (xi. 13) wrote his epitaph: 

quisquis Flaininiam teris, viator, 
noli nobile praeterire marmor. 
urbis deliciae, salesque Nili, 
ars et gratia, lusus et voluptas, 
Bomani decus et dolor theatri, 
atque omnes Veneres Cupidinesque, 
hoc sunt condita quo Paris sepulcro. 

Intactam, i. e. new, not as yet exhibited. 
Agave, the sister of Semele. 

88. Hie et. He does more for the poets than buy their plays ; he 
gets them military honors and the knights 7 gold ring. 

Largitus. So Jahn, Mayor, Kiaer, after some MSS. Pw largitur. 

89. Semenstri auro, with the six-months' gold, i. e. the six-months' 
ring. This means the ring (which was a badge of equestrian rank) 
won by six months' service. " The tribune of a legion became, as a 
matter of course, an eques. On account of this advancement in rank 
the office was conferred by the emperors on persons who did not 
intend to follow the military profession, but after six months' service, 
tribunatus semestris, retired as equites into private life." Mayor. 

90 sq. Tu — curas. Young men sought to gain the favor of the 
great and influential, as an aid to their own advancement. Cameri- 
nus was the name of a good old family of the patrician gens Sul- 
picia. (Cf. viii. 38.) On Barea see note on iii. 116. — Atria. The 
atrium was the reception-room in the houses of the great. 

92. The two plays here named, like the Agave, were probably the 
cantica or texts for pantomimic representation. 

94, 95. Proculeius is celebrated by Horace {Carm. ii. 2, 5-6) for 



SATIRE VII. 189 

his generosity to his brothers, Paulus Fabius Maximus, consul 
B. c. 11, was a steady friend of Ovid. Cotta Messalinus (or Cotta 
Maximus), son of the great M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, was also 
one of Ovid's jpatrons. Lentulus is perhaps the consul P. Cornelius 
Lentulus Spinther, who procured Cicero's recall from exile, B. c. 57. 
97. The Saturnalia, with its attendant festivals (at one of which 
little figures were sold as toys or presents), occupied seven days in the 
month of December. Indeed the whole month was sacred to Saturn, 
and was a month of feasting and revelry. 

100. Modo, limit. — Our reading nullo quippe modo is given by 
Jahn, and the best editors generally, after P, Serv. ad Aen. iv. 98, 
and Schol. Lucani i. 334. Macleane reads with inferior MSS. namque 
oblita modi. — Surgit, springs up, begins. 

101. Omnibus, sc. historicis. — Damnosa, to their loss. Cf. Hor. 
Sat. ii. 8, 34. Papyrus was costly ; parchment, of course, still more so. 

102. Rerum, of topics ; things to be mentioned. — Operum lex, the 
conditions or law to which writers of such works are bound. 

104. Acta, the newspaper. 

105. Lecto, the couch. 

106 sq. Civilia officia, services to their fellow-citizens ; legal services, 
for the protection of lives and fortunes. — Praestent, " bring them 
in." — Magno — libelli, the big bundle of documents (briefs, depo- 
sitions, extracts from laws, etc.) with which they are accompanied. 

108-114. Madvig {Opusc. ii. 179, 180), followed by Mayor, rightly 
explains this passage as follows : " The lawyers themselves talk very 
grandly, and boast that they receive great fees ; but when do they so 
talk ? particularly when persons are listening whom it is for their 
interest to impress with the belief that their practice brings them in 
a large income. And who are such persons ? In the first place, a 
creditor of their own, who is to be convinced that his claim is safe ; 
secondly, some rich litigant, more eager even than the creditor, who 
comes to employ the advocate in a doubtful case, and will be the 
more ready to pay him a large fee if he believes that he is generally 
paid more than the average of lawyers. Then, indeed, their bellows 
blow enormous lies : then the lawyers make such assertions of pros- 
perity, that, to avert the wrath of the gods provoked by proud words, 
in accordance with an ancient superstitious practice, they spit in their 
bosoms. But their real income is so different from this false boasting 
that a single charioteer in the circus is richer than a hundred law- 
yers." This suits better with the context (" quid praestent officia,") 
and the antithesis to their lying boasts, " veram depraendere mes- 



190 NOTES. 

sem," than the interpretation more generally adopted, which is thus 
stated by Macleane : " They talk very big of their own accord (ipsi), 
but still more if the creditor is listening for whom they are acting ; 
or louder still if the client is eager and nudges his * causidicus,' being 
afraid of losing his money. Then truly do they puff their lies like 
bellows, spluttering all their breast." 

109. Tetigit latus. I. e. has spurred the lawyer on to lie. So 
Madvig, I. c. p. 180, foot-note. 

Acrior. Eibbeck reads aegrior, so interpreting aecrior (p) and 
ae*rior (P). 

110. Grandi codice. The large size of the ledger indicates (says 
Madvig) a rich litigant. 

Nomen, a debt. See Lexicon, and Diet. Antiq. s. v. Fenus. 
Weidner transtates it " debtor" (which meaning it also bears), and 
understands it of the lawyer himself. 

111. Cf. Pers. v. 10 ; Horat. Sat. i. 4, 19. 

112. Mayor's citations sufficiently prove that spitting three times 
in the bosom was an ancient superstitious practice to avert the wrath 
of the gods and to break spells. In this sense we should rather ex- 
pect to find despuitur (see examples s. v. in Forcellini), but the use 
of conspuere does not exclude Madvig's interpretation. One may 
follow Madvig, however, in all other points in this passage (108-114), 
and still take conspuitur sinus as meaning simply that the eager, 
mouthing speaker " splutters his froth all over the folds of his toga." 

Depraendere ( = deprehendere, deprendere). With Jahn I fol- 
low P. 

114. Russati. " The drivers in the chariot-races were divided into 
four parties, called factiones, and distinguished by the color of their 
dress; there was the white, alba, red, russata, blue (but see note on 
iii. 170), veneta, and dark-green, prasina." — Lacerna is (the scholiast 
says) an auriga abjectus of " the red." 

115 sqq. A scene in court, the first line parodied from Ov. Met. 
xiii. 1, 2, where the contest between Ajax and Ulysses for Achilles' 
armor is described : 

consedere duces; et vulgi stante corona 

surgit aa hos clipei dominus septemplicis Ajax. 

" The chiefs " have taken their seats ; the lawyer rises, a pale " Ajax," 
to plead the cause of one who is claimed as a slave, with a neatherd 
as judex. 

116. Dubia. I. e., which is disputed. The action was a vindicatio. 



SATIRE VII. 191 

Bubulco judioe. The office of judex, after the changes introduced by 
Augustus, was no longer an honor, but a burden. Any free male 
adult, who had not been condemned for a criminal offence, might, it 
would seem, now sit as judex. Mayor. 

117. Jecur. The supposed seat of the passions. 

118. After a forensic victory, lawyers used to hang palm branches 
over their doors. The supposed advocate in this case lives in hired 
lodgings in a garret, and can only decorate his stair-case. 

119. Quod = quale. Interrogative adjective pronoun. 

Siccus petasunculus, a rusty little quarter of pork. The petaso 
was eaten fresh; the per na (or ham) was a part of the^eteo (Athen. 
xiv. p. 657 e), and was smoked or salted. 

120. Maurorum epimenia, the monthly rations of Moorish slaves. 
Maurorum (Pac) is adopted by Jahn and recent critical editors 

generally, except Macleane, who reads Afrorum (w). 

121. Wines brought down the Tiber, such as the Sabine and Veien- 
tane, were very inferior to the Campanian and foreign wines, which 
came up the river. 

Lagonae = lagenae. Macleane places a comma after " lagenae " 
and a period after " egisti " in the next verse. All other recent 
critical editors punctuate as I have done. 

122. Si quater egisti = si causam perorasti. The process required 
four pleadings. 

Why is contigit the right word here, and not acoidit ? 
Aureus. The gold-piece was now worth 25 denarii, or about $4. 

123. The attorneys 1 percentage is deducted from it, by agreement. 

124. The Aemilia was one of the noblest of the patrician families. 
Quantum licet (P and best editors. Other readings are petet, petit, 

libet), as much as the law allows. " In B. c. 204, a plebiscitum was 
passed, prohibiting any person from taking a fee for pleading a cause. 
This was confirmed by a senatus consultum in the time of Augustus; 
but was relaxed in that of Claudius, after which time a man might 
take ten sestertia for a fee," — i. e. one hundred " gold-pieces," one 
of which was thought enough for our poor causidicus. 

Et, and yet. Cf. xiii. 91 : hie putat esse deos et pejerat. Tac. An. 
i. 38 : reduxit in hiberna turbidos et nihil ausos. 

125-128. In Aemilius's porch stands the triumphal statue of an 
ancestor in a quadriga ; also his own equestrian statue, aiming a 
shaft which bends and quivers as it is poised for the throw, for 
certainty of aim one eye being closed (luscaj. 

129. Sic. By imitating this display of wealth. — Pedo. An un- 



192 NOTES. 

known lawyer. — Conturbat (sc. rationes), becomes a fraudulent 
bankrupt (confusing his accounts). — Matho. See Sat. i. 32. — De- 
ficit, "fails" as in English. 

130 sqq. Tongilius may be the one alluded to in Martial (ii. 40). 
To show his consequence, he goes to bathe with a dirty crowd of re- 
tainers, and is borne through the forum in his lectica with a long 
pole, making fine purchases. 

130. Rhinocerote. An oil-flask (gutus) of rhinoceros horn. 

131. Vexat, mobs. 

132. His bearers are Maedi, Thracians from the west bank of the 
Strymon, from whom the northern district of Macedonia, between 
the Axius and Strymon, was called Maedica. 

133. Murrina. " Porcelain " is a good modern analogue, but not 
the right translation of this word. The murrina were probably bowls 
of agate, of great cost, fragments of which are now often turned up 
in the soil of Rome. See Mayor, who cites inter alios C. W. King 
(Nat. Hist, of Precious Stones and Gems, pp. 237-245). Fr. Thiersch 
(Abh. der Miinchn. Akad. i. 439 sq.) contends that the murrina were 
made of fluor-spar. 

134. Spondet (lit. gives security for him), procures him credit. 
Mayor. 

Tyrio stlattaria (stlataria) purpura filo, broad purple (i. e. his 
purple robe) of Tyrianweb. Etymologists concur (Curtius, Corssen, 
Vanicek) in deriving stlataria from the root star- {to strew, spread, 
extend), whence crop-i-vw-ni, ster-n-o, (stra-vi, stra-tu-s). As in the 
Slavic languages the root occurs sometimes with I and sometimes 
with r, so here stla-ta is identical with stra-ta. This is also the 
root of Idtu-s, where st has fallen away entirely before L " Stlata," 
says Festus (Paul. Diac, p. 312, Festus, p. 313), "is a kind of ship 
broad (latum) rather than long, and so named from its breadth (a 
latitudine), but in the same way as men used to say stlocum for 
locum and stlitem for litem." Navis stlata is therefore a vessel 
built broad for merchandise ; navis longa, one long and narrow for 
war. O. Muller (on Festus I. c.) understands stlataria purpura of 
purple cloths imported on such stlatae, and hence genuine Tyrian 
merchandise. So the lexicographers generally, rendering stlataria 
" sea-borne." An old scholiast asserts that Probus explains stlataria 
as meaning illecebrosa, and so Heinrich, in an elaborate note (ad 
schol., pp. 396-399), renders it seductive, decoying, alluring, enticing, 
understanding stlata (after Flavius Caper and others) of a pirate 
vessel, quae, (to cite Heinrich,) "in hostium naves lenocinia, insidias, 



SATIRE VII, 193 

fraudes, ludificationes, illectamenta" exercet. It is perhaps safe to 
go back, with Corsseu [Kr. Beit rage, 462, 463) to the etymology of 
the word, and render it as I have at the beginning of this note. 

136. Convenit = utile est, prodest. 

137. Strepitu et facie. The genitive {major is census) supplies the 
place of an adjective, so that we can have the modal ablative with- 
out cum. 

138. This verse is bracketed by many editors as out of place. 
142. Togati. Clients (iii. 127 j. 

143-5. Three poor lawyers are named. 

146. It was a custom in Rome, as well as in Greece, to introduce in 
the epilogue relations as mothers, wives, sisters, children), sometimes 
in mourning garments, and in tears, to work on the jurors' feelings. 

148 sq. Gallia abounded in men of eloquence ; under the empire 
rhetoric flourished in Africa. 

149. To put a price on your tongue; i. e. (if you want) to make 
money. On this meaning of ponere Ci. Hor. Sat. ii. 3, 23 : callidus 
huic signo ponebam milia centum. Inferior MSS. read imponere. 

150. Declamare is a general term for rhetorical exercises. — Ferrea. 
I. e. patient, enduring, apathetic. — Vettius Yalens was the founder 
of a new school of rhetoricians. His name here represents the class 
of rhetoricians in general. 

151. The class declaim invectives against tyrants or laudations of 
tyrannicides. 

152. The class read their declamations sitting, and standing up 
repeat them again (perferet) from beginning to end. (Macleane.)— 
Cantabit, will drone, in a hum-drum, sing-sing tone. — Versus ap- 
plies to the lines in prose as well as in poetry. Cf. Hor. Sat, ii. 
5,54. 

154. There was an old proverb, 61$ Kpd^n Odvarog. Mayor cites 
Quintil. ii. 4, 29 : necesse est ... . fastidium moveant velut frigidi et 
repositi cibi. 

155. Color. We must retain the metaphor in translation : "what 
may be the color to be given to the case." Mayor says that " color " 
denotes the varnish, gloss, or color by which the accused endeavors 
to palliate, the accuser to aggravate, the allowed facts of the case. 

Summa, main. 

156. Quae — sagittae, what shafts (a metaphor for arguments) may 
chance to come from the opposite side. Diver sae, belonging to the 
opposing side ; from the enemy. Inferior MSS. read diversa parte 
sagittae. 

13— Juv. E 



194 NOTES. 

158. Quid enim scio? Why, what have I learnt f Enim like ydp. 
(" You surely cannot expect a fee ? For what do I know ? ") 

159 sq. The ancient Eomans placed the seat of the intellect in 
the heart. Cf. Cic. Tusc. i. 9. — The Arcadians were proverbially- 
dull ; their country was famed for its asses, both literally and meta- 
phorically. 

161. Dims Hannibal. Cf. x. 166 sq. 

162 sq. Urbem. Of course Rome. — An .... an. Not a double 
question, but two separate questions. The occasions are different, 
the second being B. c. 211, five years after the battle of Cannae, 
when Hannibal retired from the walls of Rome in consequence of a 
great storm repeated on two successive days (Liv. xxvi. 11). 

164. Circumagat, wheel, wheel round. — A, from, away from. 

165. Our reading (p w) gives the simplest construction. Munro 
(note in Mayor's edition) thinks that quid (P, Priscian) "may, 
perhaps, be right : " quantum vis stipulare, et protinus accipe — 
"quid?" do ut totiens, etc. " Receive what?" says the one to 
whom the offer is made; then the other replies, "Why, I give it on 
condition that," etc. Hermann (who edited quod do, "ne Pithoe- 
anum quid do tironum oculos offenderet,") suspects a corruption of 
the text, but proposes no emendation. Ribbeck makes the happy 
conjecture qui (i. e. qua conditione) do ; Mommsen proposed quin do 
(and so Weidner), Lachmann qui dumf 

Quod do, what I offer. 

166. TJt, on condition that. — Totiens, as many times as I have 
(heard him). On fathers' coming to hear their sons recite, cf. Pers. 
iii. 45-47. 

Alii. Many other teachers make the same complaint as Vettius. 

167. Sophistae here = rhetores or grammatici. On the use of the 
term see Grote's famous chapter, with " Cope's criticisms in Journ. 
of Class, and Sacr. Philol. i.-iii." 

168-170. The rhetoricians pursue real lawsuits to get their fees, 
leaving their fictitious disputations on stock-themes, as "the 
ravisher," "outpoured poisons," "the wicked and ungrateful hus- 
band," " eye-salves," and the like. — We may refer these topics of 
declamation to the stories of Paris, Medea, Jason, and old Pelias, or 
to such fictitious legal cases as those described in Quintil. Decl. 247, 
Senec. Exc. 7, 8, p. 420 (B), Quintil. Decl. 17, Senec. Contr. ii. 13, 
p. 156 (B), Exc. Contr. ii. 5, p. 354. 

170. Ve teres caecos, men who have been long blind, Cf. Juv. ix. 
16 : macies aegri veteris. 



SATIRE VII. 195 

171. Ergo. Notice the short o. 

Sibi dabit ipse rudem, will give himself his own discharge. The 
rudis was a wooden sword with which the gladiators practised, and 
which (with the pileus) they received as a symbol of their discharge. 
On the metaphorical use of the phrase ef, Hor. Epp. i. 1, 2 sq. 

173. Pugnam = veras lites (verse 168). — Descendit. Perfect tense. 
— Rhetorica ab umbra, from his scholastic shade; from the retire- 
ment in which he has practised the rhetorician's art. 

174. The tessera was a round or square tally of metal or wood, 
entitling the possessor to a share of grain in the monthly distribution 
to the poorer citizens. The ticket could be sold or bequeathed. It 
is here sold by one whose name is on the list to our rhetorician, who, 
probably as not being a citizen (for most of the rhetoricians were 
Greeks), has no title to the privilege. The ticket is " vilis," as the 
amount of grain received was small. 

Venit is' in the present tense. From what verb? (Notice the 
quantity.) 

176. Two music-masters are named. 

177. Artem scindes Theodori. You ? 11 tear up your old rhetoric 
book. — Ars, like r^xm, is used of an elementary work, — here, " Ele- 
ments of Rhetoric," as Theodoras was a rhetorician. — The MSS. 
read scindens ; scindes is Jahn's correction, approved by Hermann, 
Ribbeck, Weidner, Mayor. If scindens be "retained, it must agree 
with the subject of ternpta, as Madvig shows, — the caesura after 
pueros separating the interposed clause from connection with this. 

178-188. The rich spend immense sums on their houses and estab- 
lishments, but offer only a pittance for the education of their sons. 

178. Sescentis, sc. milibus numraum; 600,000 sestertii. 

179. Gestetur, sc. vehiculo. Cf. verse 180. 

181. Hie, i. e. in the porticus. — Mules were in great request by the 
wealthy Romans. 

182. Parte alia. " His baths here, his covered drives there, his 
dining-room elsewhere." — The tall columns of the Numidians are 
pillars of the yellow Numidian marble. 

183. Algentem solem, i. e. the sun in winter. 

184 sq. Quanticumque domus, sc. sit. However expensive the 
house, money will be forthcoming for the purchase of a structor (cf. 
v. 120) and a pulmentarius. 

185. Pulmentaria, dainties. 

Condiat (dissyllable) is Lachmann's emendation, adopted by Jahn. 
Most MSS. condit, some condat. 



196 NOTES. 

186. Quintiliano. The celebrated author of the Institutio Oratoria. 
— Sestertia duo. Two thousand sestertii. 

187. Ut multum. As we say, at most. — Sufficient. Gnomic future. 
Cf. verses 201, 219, and Pers. ii. 5. 

189. Saltus, pasture lands among the forests on the hills. — Juvenal 
exaggerates Quintilian's wealth. " He was rich among poor men, 
and poor among the rich." Cf. Plin. Epp. vi. 32. 

Exempla novorum fatorum, instances of rare good fortune. 
Transi, pass by ; do not take into account. Cf. iii. 114. 

190. Felix, the lucky man (elSai/iav, the man favored by Fortune), 
is both beautiful and brave. 

191. Sapiens, nobilis, and generosus, are used appositively : the 
lucky man, as both wise and noble and high-born, sews (subtexit), 
etc. 

192. Becomes senator. The shoes of the senators came higher up 
the leg than ordinary calcei, and bore in front a crescent. The sub 
in subtexit is not under the shoe, but simply beloiv. 

193. Jaculator. He excels in the games of the Campus Martius. 
Others translate " a debater/' hurling arguments against his op- 
ponent. 

194. Perfrixit (from perfrigescere), he has a cold. 

197 sq. Quintilian received the ornamenta consularia, which, 
while they did not necessarily admit into the senate, facilitated such 
admittance, and conferred a high dignitas. Pliny (Epp. iv. 11) 
speaks of Valerius Licianus who had become a teacher in Sicily : 
" Praetorius hie modo inter eloquentissimos causarum actores habe- 
batur, nunc eo decidit, ut exul de senatore, rhetor de oratore fieret. 
Itaque ipse in praefatione dixit dolenter et graviter : quos tibi, For- 
tuna, ludos facis ! facis enim ex professoribus senatores, ex senatori- 
bns professores ! " 

199. P. Ventidius Bassus, a native of Picenum, in the Social War 
was carried captive with his mother to Rome, and appeared in the 
triumphal procession of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, B. c. 89. When he 
grew up he gained his livelihood by letting out mules and carriages. 
C. Julius Caesar took him into Gaul, and employed him for the re- 
mainder of his career in important offices. He rose to be tribunus 
plebis, then praetor, then pontifex, and lastly consul, B. c. 43. 
" Mulos qui fricabat consul factus est." Gaining a victory over the 
Parthians, he celebrated a triumph. 

Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, was born of a slave. 

201. Servis (as to Tullius), captivis (as to Ventidius). 



SATIRE VII. 197 

204. Tharsymachi. An emendation of Ritschl (Op. ii. 541), for 
Thrasymachi of the MSS., for metrical reasons. So the Attic poets 
interchanged dpdaog and ddpaog. Cf. crocodilus, corcodilus ; tarpezita, 
trapezita. In translation, use the ordinary form Thrasymachus. It 
is the name of one of the sophists, who came to Athens about the 
middle of the fifth century B. c. He was a native of Chalcedon. 
The scholiast says he hanged himself, but we know nothing further 
about his " exitus." 

Secundus Carrinas was sent by Caligula into exile, because he 
declaimed in his school against tyrants. The scholiast says, veneno 
perit. 

205. Hunc refers probably to Socrates. We should have expected 
ilium, but hunc may imply greatness and interest in the estimation 
of the speaker. Mayor, however, says that " hunc seems to mean in 
our own day, later still than Carrinas : and ansae has little force, 
unless we suppose that some one is meant, who when banished re- 
tired to Athens, and there, as no one would venture to employ him, 
put an end to his life by taking poison. Nor was Socrates a teacher 
of rhetoric. Markland supposes that a verse is lost." 

206. Ausae, who (i. e. Athens) could bring thyself. 

207 sq. Di . . . . terrain, sc. dent. Sine pondere, an adjective 
phrase. See Nagelsbach Stilistik 75, 2 (p. 203). The prayer that 
the earth may rest lightly on the ashes of the dead is very frequent 
in epitaphs. — Sometimes a sum of money was left in order to secure 
a constant supply of flowers on a tomb. 

211. Patriis in montibus. On Mount Pelion. 

Cui (with the subjunctive eliceret) —talis ut ei. — Cui. Cf. iii. 49. 
Tunc, then ; in that age of respect for teachers. Mayor. 

212. Chiron, the Centaur, taught Achilles music and other accom- 
plishments. 

214. This weak disciplinarian, the rhetorician Rufus, was a Gaul, 
and accordingly his class nicknamed him the Allobrogian Cicero. 

215. Two grammarians : Celadus, hardly known except from this 
passage, and Palaemon, who lived under Tiberius and Claudius, and, 
though profligate, enjoyed great reputation as a teacher. 

217. Autem, after all. 

218. Custos, the paedagogus. (See Lexicons.) Cf. Horat. Sat. i, 
6, 81 sq.; A. P. 161. 

Acoenonetus, a*oiv&vr}Toq, destitute of common feeling, inconsider- 
ate, selfish. So Grangaeus, Jahn (in Greek letters), Weidner. Her- 
mann, Ribbeck, and Mayor read acoenonoetus, after P. 

R2 



198 NOTES. 

219. Qui dispensat. The dispensator, cashier or private secretary 
of the rich man. — The MSS. and editors vary between frangit, frari- 
gat, and franget. 

222. Dummodo non pereat, quod — . Provided it go not for 
naughty that — . 

223. Sederet, would be willing to sit. 

224. Obliquo ferro. "The carding instrument, consisting of 
crooked bits of iron fastened in a board." Carding wool prepared 
it for spinning. 

225 sqq. " Boys going to school at night carried lanterns with 
them. The master had to bear the smell of as many lamps as there 
were boys, and their class-books were black with the smoke." 
Horace foresaw that his works would become a text-book {Epp. i. 
20, 17 sq.). 

226. Stabant. In their classes, to recite. 

228. The tribunus plebis appears to have had a kind of judicial 
authority under the empire. Cf. xi. 7. 

229. Vos, you parents. What follows is ironical. — Leges, con- 
ditions; demands. 

230. That the teacher never be at fault in his accidence or syntax. 

231. Omnes is taken with historias as well as with auctores. 

233. Balnea are bathing-rooms or houses, thermae large buildings 
intended for gymnastic exercises and also supplied with hot water 
and vapor baths. — Phoebus was a balneator of the day. 

234-236. Tiberius used to ask the grammarians such questions as 
these : " who was the mother of Hecuba ?. " " what was Achilles' 
name when he lived among the maidens in Scyros ? " " what songs 
were the Sirens wont to sing ? " 

235. Anchemolus was a warrior who fought under Turnus. Verg. 
Aen. x. 388-9. — Acestes. Verg. Aen. i. 195 sqq., v. 73, 35 sq. 

236. Phry gibus = Trojanis. 

237. Ducat, mould. 

240. Inquit, he (i. e. any father) says. Often used without a sub- 
ject expressed. — Cura ; set. So the best editors. P w, euros et. 

241. In the Circensian games the populace sometimes demanded 
that the editor ludorum should give the victorious charioteer an ad- 
ditional reward. 




SATIRE VIII. 



o>*<o 



ARGUMENT. 



1-38. What use are pedigrees, ancestral blood, statues and images, 
and noble names, if in the face of our great ancestors we live amiss 
— gambling all night and going to bed at dawn, when they were up 
and marching ? What joy has Fabius of the Allobroges' victor, of 
the great altar, of his descent from Hercules, if he be covetous, a 
fool, effeminate, if he bring shame on his rough ancestors, turn 
poisoner, and disgrace his house? Line your whole house with 
images, yet still virtue alone is true nobility. Be Paulus, Cossus, 
Drusus in your morals, and give them place before your images, ay, 
and your own lictors too. First I claim the goodness of your heart : 
be holy, just, in word and deed, and then I count you noble. Hail, 
Gaetulicus or Silanus. From whatsoever stock you come to your 
rejoicing country, all may cry, " Eurekamen ! " as they do who have 
found Osiris. What man is generous if he be unworthy of his race, 
illustrious only for his name? Nicknames go by contraries. We 
call a dwarf Atlas, an Aethiopian Cycnus, a crooked girl Europa, a 
mangy dog a pard, a tiger, or a lion. See that your great name is 
not applied to you on the same principle. 

39-70. This is for you, Rubellius Blandus, swelling with your 
descent from Drusus, as if it were a merit of your own that you were 
born not of a poor weaver, but of the great lulus' blood. " Low 
wretches (say you), ye who cannot tell your father's birthplace. I 
am a son of Cecrops ! " Long may you live to enjoy your birth ! 
But in that low rabble you will find a man of eloquence, who shall 
defend some noble blockhead, or solve the riddles of the law ; and 
some brave soldiers too ; while you are all Cecropian, as useless as a 
Hermes ; the only difference is, his head 's of marble, yours has life 
in it. Tell me, O Trojan, who counts animals noble except they're 
spirited and brave? We praise a horse who has won many races. 
Wherever he was reared we call him noble who beats the rest, while 
a mere herd to be put up and sold are the best bred if they but 
seldom win. There we have no respect for ancestry : they sell for 
little, and go to draw a cart or grind a mill. So tell me something 
of your own to engrave upon your bust, besides the honors that we 
freely give to those to whom you owe all that you have. 

199 



200 NOTES. 

71-86. Enough for him who, lacking common courtesy (rare in that 
state of life), is puffed up with his relationship to Nero. But you, 
my friend, I would not have you valued upon the merits of your 
family, and you yourself do nothing for future time to praise. 'T is 
poor to rest upon another's fame ; remove the pillar and the roof 
falls in ; robbed of its elm, the vine comes to the ground. Be a good 
soldier, honest guardian, upright judge, witness inflexible. Count 
not your life before your character, your life before the causes for 
which you live ; the man that does that deserves to die, though he 
fare sumptuously and smell of all perfumes. 

87-124. When you have got the province that you 've long desired, 
put reins upon your temper and your covetousness ; pity the poor 
natives; the princes you will see have all the marrow sucked from 
out their bones. Think of the laws, the trust committed to you, the 
honors that await the good, the fate of those who were condemned for 
robbing the Cilicians. Not that such condemnation is worth much, 
when one takes what another leaves. Go, get an auctioneer to sell 
your clothes, Chaerippus, and straight say nothing ; it were madness 
to throw away your fare to Rome besides. Those people suffered less 
when they were beaten first : riches were left them still, shawls and 
dresses, pictures and statues, and chased silver vessels ; then came 
your governors and carried off more spoils from peace than ever 
graced a triumph. Now the little that they have they '11 lose it all. 
You may despise, perhaps, the Rhodians, and Corinth too ; bnt take 
good care of Spain, of Gaul, Illyricum, the Africans, who send us 
corn to feed our idleness. Besides, they We nothing to repay you. 
Marius has robbed them. Take care you do no great wrong to the 
brave and poor : take all they have, you will still leave them arms. 

125-145. This is no mere opinion of my own ; believe, the Sibyl 
speaks. Be your attendants righteous, no favorite sell your judg- 
ments, your wife no harpy, then, though you may trace your birth 
to Picus and the Titan brood, and claim Prometheus for your ancestor, 
you are welcome to any pedigree you like, so far as I am concerned. 
But if ambition, lust, and cruelty carry you headlong, then your 
ancestors only hold up the torch to expose your shame. The sin is 
greatest in the greatest sinner. Why boast yourself to me, you who 
forge wills in temples which your grandsire built before your father's 
statue, and steal by night in your cowl to a deed of shame? 

146-182. Fat consul Lateranus degrades himself as a coachman, 
driving right past the ashes of his sires by night, — but the moon and 
stars look on, — and when his consulship is done, he '11 do it in broad 
day, and meet his aged friend without a blush. He '11 do the menial 
work of a groom, and when he goes to sacrifice to Jove he '11 swear 
by Epona and the stable gods. And when he goes to taverns, the 
greasy host comes out to meet him, and with an air salutes his lord- 
ship ; while the officious hostess brings the wine. " But we all did 
the same when we were young." Yes ; but we 've left off. Such 
faults should be cut off with our first beard. Children may be ex- 
cused ; but Lateranus is old enough for the wars. Send him on 
foreign duty, O Caesar, but seek your legate in the eating-house : 
you'll find him there with cut-throats, sailors, thieves, runaway 
slaves and executioners and drunken priests and undertakers, all 



SATIRE VIII. 201 

pot-fellows together. What would you do, had you a slave sueh as 
this ? Of course you 'd send him to the slaves' prison and the fields. 
But you excuse yourselves, ye Trojan-born. Brutus may do what 
woulcl disgrace a cobbler. 

183-210, Bad though this be, yet worse remains behind. His 
money spent, Damasippus goes upon the stage, and Lentulus acts 
Laureolus not badly, deserving, as I think, a real cross. The people 
are to blame to sit and see patrician buffooneries. At what price 
they sell their honor matters not. No tyrant forces them, and yet 
they gladly sell themselves to the Praetor for his shows. And even 
if the choice were that or death, which should they choose? Does 
any one fear death so much that he should act with Thymele and 
Corinthus ? But nobles acting as mimes are not astonishing, when 
we 've had a harper like Nero for our emperor. After all this, what 
can there be but gladiatorial show T s ? This, too, doth shame the 
town ; Gracchus, a noble and a priest, not with helmet or shield, but 
as a retiarius, undisguised and with face uncovered, casts his net, 
and failing flies the arena round in sight of all the theatre. His 
tunic and his cap betray the priest of Mars: can we believe it? 
More shame it is than any wound for him who suffers the degradation 
of fighting with a priest. 

211-230. Were but the people free, who but would choose a Seneca 
before a Nero ? The death of many parricides was his desert. His 
crime was like Orestes', but it differed in the cause. One, bid by 
gods, avenged his father's murder; but he slew not his sister or his 
wife : he poisoned no relations, never acted, never wrote a rubbishy 
poem on the Trojan War. What is there that Nero did which so 
deserved punishment at the hands of Verginius, Vindex, and Galba? 
These are the practices of a high-born prince, who loved to sing in 
foreign theatres and earn the parsley crown from Greeks ! Hang up 
your dresses and your masks and harp, the trophies of your glory, 
before the statues of your ancestors ! 

231-268. Catilina and Cethegus were of lofty birth, and yet they 
would have fired the city, like savages, fit to be punished with the 
shirt of pitch. But our Consul was awake ; a new man and not 
noble guarded the whole town, and got more fame in peace than all 
Octavius won at Actium or Philippi. Rome was then free, and called 
our Cicero his country's Father. His townsman too, Marius, followed 
the plough for hire, and had the vine-switch broken over his head 
in the ranks. But he stood single-handed, and withstood the Cimbri 
and delivered Rome, and when the fight was over he was crowned 
before his colleague. The Decii were plebeians, yet were their lives 
offering enough for all the host ; they were worth more than all that 
they saved. A slave's son wore the crown of Romulus, and was our 
last good king. The Consul's sons would have betrayed the city, a 
slave betrayed their purpose : he worthy to be wept by matrons, they 
deserved to die, the first condemned by righteous laws. 

269-275. You 'd better be Thersites' son and like Achilles, than 
like Thersites and Achilles' son. But go as far back as you will, you 
still come to the asylum, and whosoe'er was founder of your line 
must have been a shepherd or something worse. — Macleane with 
modifications. 



202 NOTES. 

1. Stemmata, pedigrees. The imagines of ancestors in the atria 
of noblemen were painted masks of wax placed upon busts prepared 
for the purpose. These busts with the portrait-masks were arranged 
in little shrines (armaria), under which inscriptions (tituli) pro- 
claimed the names, honors, and exploits of the ancestors. The 
imagines were encircled with wreaths (stemmata), running from one 
to another in such a way as to indicate the genealogical connection 
of the persons represented. Some scholars suppose that the Romans 
had family- trees, resembling our own in form, on which were small 
medallion portraits (pictos vultus, imagines pictas), encircled by 
wreaths running from one to another; and interpret Plin. H. N. 
xxxv. 2, and Sen. de Ben. iii. 28, in this manner, rather than in ac- 
cordance with the explanation given above. 

Ponticus was some young noble, to whom Juvenal addresses this 
satire in the form of an epistle. 

2. Pictos vultus majorum. The waxen masks, or the painted faces 
on the family tree : in either case, the portraits of one's ancestors. 

3 sq. The only historical Aemilianus when this was written was 
the younger Scipio, P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, who gained the 
agnomen Africanus. Triumphal statues are probably meant, although 
paintings maybe referred to (Marq. 5, 1, 248). — Dimidios, broken 
in half. — Umeros minorem, " short of a head and shoulders." 

7. It must be that this verse is an interpolation. What the inter- 
polator meant by contingere virga is doubtful. Virga has been taken 
for the fasces, for a broom to keep the busts clean, for a wand with 
which the busts are pointed out, and for a branch of the ancestral tree 
(like ramus (Pers. iii. 28), linea). In the latter case, translate multa 
contingere virga, to reach, through many a branch. 

8. The ancient imagines of the masters of the horse are dingy with 
smoke from the focus in the atrium. 

9. Coram Lepidis, like ante Numantinos (11), under the very eyes 
of great and noble ancestors, i. e. in the presence of their imagines. 

Quo, to what purpose. Cf. verse 142, Hor. Epp. i. 5, 12. Quo = 
quam ad rem. Cf. Cic. pro Caelio 52 : dixeritne Clodiae quam ad 
rem aurum sumeret ; lb. 53 : dixit profecto quo vellet aurum. 

11. Numantinus was an agnomen given to Scipio Africanus the 
younger after the capture of Numantia, B. c. 133. The plural is 
generic, as in verse 13, and i. 109. Cf. Cic. pro P. Sestio 68 : quare 
imitemur nostros Brutos, Camillos. 

12. Quo, sc. tempore. — Duces, those generals, your great ances- 
tors. 



SATIRE VIII. 203 

13 sq. Q. Fabius Maximus was surnamed Allobrogicus from his 
victory over the Allobroges B. c. 121. The Fabia gens were said to 
be descendants of Hercules ; hence natus in Hercules lare, " born 
in the household of Hercules." The ara maxima, in or near the 
Forum Boarium, was consecrated by Evander to Hercules, according 
to one tradition ; according to another it was built by Hercules him- 
self after slaying Cacus. 

15. The Euganei were originally the occupiers of all the country 
which the Veneti afterwards possessed, but were afterwards driven 
farther west and south. The whole region was famous for its 
pastures. 

16. Effeminate persons smoothed their bodies with pumice-stone. 

17. Squalentis traducit avos, disgraces (exposes to contempt) his 
rugged ancestors. They are rough, rugged, in comparison with the 
fine, soft skin of their degenerate descendant. 

18. The busts and statues of those convicted of capital offences 
were destroyed by the common executioner. — Funestat is properly 
"defiles by blood." 

21. Moribus, in your morals ; in your character. 

22 sq. Hos and illi refer to moribus. — Virgas, the fasces. 

24. Prima, in the first place. 

25. Mereris. The omission of si is lively. 

26. Adgnosco procerem, I recognize the nobleman ; the true gen- 
tleman, Nature's nobleman. Proceres is generally reckoned among 
the pluralia tantum. 

27. 28. The punctuation is that of Jahn, Eibbeck, Hermann. 

27. Silanus was a cognomen in the gens Junia. 

28. Ovanti. Congratulating itself on the possession of so excellent 
a citizen. 

29 sq. " The Egyptians worshipped their god Osiris under the 
form of a live bull. When the animal grew old, he was drowned, 
under the notion that the deity had left his body, to go and inhabit 
that of a younger bull. The new tenant was accordingly sought for, 
and when recognized, was received with great rejoicing, and a cry of 

evp^jKafxev, o-uy^afpw/iev." 

30. Qui, sc. est. 

32. It was fashionable in Rome to keep dwarfs. 

33. Parvam. A few MSS. hsive pravam, which would be repeated 
in extortam. — Extortam, twisted out of shape, distorted, crooked. 

34 sq. Scabie vetusta levibus, " hairless from inveterate mange." 
38. Ne tu, sc. sis. — Sic, in the same way, on the same principle ; 



204 NOTES. 

i. e., called a Creticus or a Caruerinus in irony and derision. Sic is 
the conjecture of H. Junius, adopted by the best editors. P si, 
pw sis. 

40. Blande. So the MSS. Some editors Plaute, after Lipsius, 
hoping to escape a historical difficulty. — Livia, wife of Augustus, 
had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus, by her first husband Tiberius 
Claudius Nero. The daughter of Drusus, Livia or Livilla, married 
her cousin Drusus the son of Tiberius. Their daughter Julia mar- 
ried Rubellius Blandus; from this union Rubellius Plautus was 
born, who incurred the jealousy of Nero, and was put to death A. D. 
62. He was a man of strong character, devoted to the stoic phil- 
osophy, and can hardly be the person referred to here. He had 
children (Tac. 14, 59), and we may suppose that his son was named 
from his grandfather, and is the Rubellius Blandus of this passage. 
The suspicion was not impossible that Agrippina herself was his 
mother (cf! Tac. 13, 19) ; or Juvenal may use the bold expression " te 
conciperet" of the grandmother of Blandus. (Weidner.) 

42. TJt, so that ; to bring it about that. 

43. Conducta, for hire. — Aggere. The agger of Servius Tullius. 

46. The thyivaa Kixpo-os was proverbial. 

47. Ima plebe = ex ima plebe. 

49. The masculine adjective in the singular used substantively 
(nobilis), itself takes an adjective (indocti). Instances are found in 
Cicero. See Nagelsbach Stilistik 25, 6 (pp. 82 sq.). Macleane says 
neither adjective is used as a substantive, and translates " the noble- 
man who is unlearned. " 

Veniet. " There will come one," where we should say " there will 
be one." 

The plebs togata is that part of the poorer Roman people which could 
only be recognized by this national article of dress as Roman. It 
was not respectful for them to appear before their patrons without 
the toga. 

51. Hie, another plebeian. — Juvenis, a man of fighting age (from 
seventeen to forty-five^, a brave soldier. — The Parthians and Arme- 
nians and the Batavi were formidable. 

52. Custodes aquilas. I. e. the legions left to guard the country. 

53. Hermae were statues composed of a head, usually that of Hermes, 
placed on a quadrangular pillar, the height of which corresponded to 
the stature of the human body. They were used to mark boundaries, 
or were set up at the doors of houses, in front of temples, and in various 
public places. — Trunco. I. e. without legs and arms. 



SATIRE VIII. 205 

56. Teucrorum proles, Cf. i. 100 note. 

58. Sic. It is on this ground that. — Facili — fervet, in honor of 
whose easy triumph many a hand is warm (with clapping). Or we 
may take facili of speed ; cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 310 : faeilesque oculos 
fert omnia circum. Manil. i. 647 : circumfer faciles oculos (easily 
turning, hence swift). 

59. Rauco, hoarse (with shouting). 

60. 61. Notice the rhythm of these fine verses. 

61. Fuga, speed. 

62. Coryphaeus. Some famed racer. Most MSS. Corythae; P, Co ryte. 

63. The race-horse Hirpinus, as it appears from an old inscription, 
won the first prize 114 times, the second 56 times, and the third 36 
times. His grandsire, Aquilo, was the first victor 130 times, the 
second 88 times, and the third 37 times. 

64. Ibi = in iis, in their case ; in the case of horses. 

66. Epiredia were freight- wagons which followed the reda or 
passenger-coach. (This explanation is preferable to that which de- 
fines them as " harness.") Quintilian (i. 5, 68) remarks on the word : 
cum sit praepositio graeca, raeda gallicum, neque Graecus tamen ne- 
que Gallus utitur conposito, Romani suum ex alieno utroque fecerunt. 

67. Nepos is some miller of the day. The other MS. reading nepo- 
tes is preferred by some editors. 

68. Privum. A conjecture of Salmasius, adopted by the best edi- 
tors. Pw primum. 

1-70. On the sentiment of these lines, cf. Chaucer : 

"Look who that is most virtuous alway 
Prive and apart, and most entendeth aye 
To do the gentle dedes that he can, 
And take him for the greatest gentleman. 
* * * * 

Men may full often find 
A lorde's son do shame and vilanie. 
And he that wol have prize of his genterie, 
For he was boren of a gentil house, 
And had his elders noble and virtuous, 
And n' ill himselven do no gentil dedes, 
Ne folwe his gentil auncestrie, that dead is, 
He is not gentil, be he duke or erl; 
For vilains' sinful dedes make a churl." 

71. Fama, report. 

73. Sensus communis, a sense of what is due to others. It implies 
a sympathy with mankind, and a knowledge of men and things, 

S 



206 NOTES. 

gained by sharing in the common experience of life. More simply, 
it may be understood as a sense of equality, a sense of one's commu- 
nity with others. 

75. Sic, in such a way, or on the condition. 

Futurae laudis. Genitive of quality. 

79. An arbiter was different from a judex, yet not quite the same 
as our " arbitrator." In a judicium the demand made was for a 
certain fixed sum of money ; in an arbitrium the amount was not 
fixed. In a judicium the plaintiff gained all that he claimed or 
nothing ; in an arbitrium as much was given him as seemed fair. 
The judicium was constituted with a poena or per sponsionem ; there 
was no poena in the case of an arbitrium. Lastly, the arbiter was 
possessed of a greater latitude than the judex, and was armed with 
something very closely resembling what we call an equitable juris- 
diction. " Hence the more necessary for one filling the office to be 
an upright man." 

81 sq. Phalaris with his brazen bull had become proverbial. 

83, 84. Pudori, honor. These are verses of splendid vigor. — Vi- 
vendi causas. Cf. Plin. Epp. i. 12, 3 ; plurimas vivendi causas ha- 
bentem : optimam conscientiam, optimam famam, maximam auctori- 
tatem, etc. Ejusdem Epp, v. 5, 4 : qui voluptatibus dediti quasi in 
diem vivunt vivendi causas cotidie finiunt. 

85. Perit (perfect tense ; cf. iii. 174, x. 118), is dead already. 

86. Gaurana = Lucrina, as the mons Gaurus was near the Lucrine 
lake. — Cosmi . . aeno, though he be plunged head over ears in Cos- 
mus's copper. Cosmus was a noted perfumer ; aenum is the cauldron 
in which he prepared his perfumes. 

89. Socii refers to Roman subjects beyond the limits of Italy, — 
the inhabitants of a province. 

90. Reges were native princes, like those of India under British 
rule. — For medullas ossibus exsugere we have ossa medullis exsu- 
guntur : the bones sucked dry of the naked marrow, instead of the 
marrow sucked from the empty bones. On vacuis cf. Cic. pro Mar- 
cello vi. 17 : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. 

91. Curia. The governors of the senatorial provinces, like those 
of the imperial, received their instructions from the emperor by re- 
scripta. But their appointment was nominally in the senate, whose 
authority they were supposed to represent. Macleane. 

93. Cossutianus Capito was appointed governor of Cilicia A. D. 56, 
but the next year he was charged with extortion and degraded. 
(Afterwards, he recovered his senatorial rank through the influence 



SATIRE VIII. 207 

of Tigellinus, his father-in-law.) Numitor is unknown. The name 
occurs vii. 74. 

94. Piratae Cilicum, " they who robbed the robbers." Ciliciawas 
a notorious haunt of pirates. 

95-97. Sell your old clothes at auction. " Turn all you have into 
cash, and hold your tongue (tace). Don't think of going to Rome 
to obtain redress ; you would only be losing your passage-money in 
addition to your previous losses." Chaerippus represents a delega- 
tion sent by the provincials to Rome to complain of the extortion of 
the governors. 

96. Pansa and Natta. Unknown governors. 

97. Jam, at once. — Naulon — naulum. 

99. Modo, but recently. 

100. Acervos = acervus. (Root ak-, pointed. Vani8ek.) 

101. Spar tana. The seas off Laconia were among those most 
famed for the murex fishery. — The island of Cos manufactured light 
and transparent cloth or silk, which was sometimes dyed purple. 

102-104. The great painter Parrhasius of Ephesus flourished at 
Athens during the latter part of the Peloponnesian war (about four 
centuries B. a). Myron, a great sculptor, the reputed artist of the 
Discobolos, Phidias, (whose chryselephantine statues, as of Athene 
in the Parthenon, and of Zeus at Olympia, are here referred to,) and 
Polycleitus (see iii. 217 note) were a little older than Parrhasius. 
Mentor was a celebrated Greek artist in silver, about the middle of 
the fourth century B. c. — These works of these artists are named as 
the chefs aVozuvre of antiquity. 

103. Vivebat expresses the life-like character of the statues. Cf. 
Virgil's " spirantia aera," " vivos de marmore voltus." 

104. Multus labor, " many an elaborate work." — Rarae sine Men- 
tore mensae, " few were the tables without a Mentor," i. e. without a 
cup of Mentor's chasing : as we say, " a Titian," " a Vandyke." 

105. There were three Dolabellas who plundered provinces. Our 
reading is a conjecture of Ruperti's, now generally adopted instead 
of the MS. readings Dolabella est adque (P), Dolabella atque (w). 
Notice the hiatus before the principal caesura; (cf. i. 151, iii. 70, v. 
158). To avoid it, Lachmann (followed by Ribbeck and Weidner) 
reads Dolabellae, atque dehinc. Riser defends Dolabella atque. 

M. Antonius Creticus, the son of the distinguished orator, and 
father of the triumvir, plundered Sicily. His brother, C. Antonius, 
was condemned for pillaging the Macedonians. 

106. Sacrilegus Verres. Cic. in Ver. i. 5, 14 ; neque hoc solum in 



208 NOTES. 

statuis ornamentisque publicis fecit, sed etiam delubra omnia, sane- 
tissimis religionibus consecrata, depeculatus est ; deum denique nul- 
lum Siculis, qui ei paullo magis affabre atque antiquo artificio factus 
videretur, reliquit, 

Altis, deep-laden. 

107. Triumphs here for spoils, such as graced triumphs. More 
spoils of peace than of war. 109. Capto agello. Dative. 

Ill, 112. These two verses are found in all the MSS., but are gen- 
erally suspected by critics. Heinrich would change unicus into 
unus, and omit the clause haec — maxima. 

Aedicula, a niche or recess, for a shrine. 

113. TJnctam, essenced. 

114. Resinata, with their skin smoothed with resin. 

116. Horrida, shaggy, rugged. The emphatic position of this word 
(which is contrasted with resinata, levia) supplies the want of an ad- 
versative particle. — Axis = plaga. 

117. Latus, coast. 

118. Vacantem, that has leisure only for ; that gives its time to. 

119. Autem, besides, moreover. 

120. Marius. See i. 47 sqq. note. — Discinxerit, has stripped.— As 
a contrast to Marius, Scipio may be quoted, who said of himself, Cum 
Africam to tarn potestati vestrae subjecerim, nihil ex ea quod meum 
diceretur praeter cognomen retuli (Val. Max. iii. 7, 1). So Horat. 
(Carm. iv. 8, 18) qui domita nomen ab Africa lucratus rediit. 

125. Non est sententia, is no mere opinion of my own. — Inferior 
MSS. and editors omit est, connecting verum as an adverb with the 
next line. 

127. Comitum. The persons composing the staff and suite of the 
governor of the province. 

128. Acersecomes, a*^™/*^, with unshorn locks; an epithet of 
Apollo. Here, a long-haired minion. 

Conjuge. " The avarice and rapacity of the women, who followed 
their husbands to their governments, had long been a subject of com- 
plain t." 

129. Conventus, the circuits ; used both of the district courts and 
of the districts themselves. 

130. Celaeno. I. e. (like) a Harpy. 

131. Licet, although. Some MSS. and editors have tunc licet, in- 
stead of tu licet (P S gh ?). — Picus, son of Saturn and father of 
Faunus, was the earliest mythical king of Latium. 

132. Pugnam. For " warriors ; " " the whole host of the Titans." 



SATIRE VIII. 209 

134. Libro, book (of legends). 

135. Quod si, but if. So Horat. Epp. vii. 25. Praecipitem, sc. te. 
139. Pudendis, your shameful deeds. 

140 sq. Compare the words of Julius Caesar : in maxuma fortuna 
minuma licentia est. 

142. After quo, to what purpose, there is often an ellipsis. Supply- 
here jactas. " What is the use of your boasting of yourself to me, if 
you 're in the habit — etc" — Signare, to set your seal to. 

143. Wills were sometimes executed and kept in the temples. 

146. Cf. i. 171 note. 

147. There was a T. Sextius Magius Lateranus who was consul A. 
D. 94. 

148. Adstringit multo sufflamine, locks with the frequent drag- 
chain. 

152. Numquam. Jahn and Weidner nusquam (df $). I follow Pa>, 
with most editors. — Trepidare governing a noun in the ace. is rare 
and post-classical. Cf. x. 21 and Sen. (?) Here. Oet. 1062. 

153. Jam, quite (in the English sense). " Though an old man, and 
likely to be horrified." Juvenal's dislike for charioteering and horse- 
racing was (at least relatively) excessive. "It would have been 
well," as Lewis says, "if the Roman nobility had never amused 
themselves in a more reprehensible way." The amusement, however, 
seems to have brought them into low associations. At the present 
day, it is probably not the most honored and useful members of the 
English nobility that are found in the " Four-in-hand Club." — Virga 
prior annuet, will be the first to give him a salute with his whip. — 
Maniplos, sc. feni, bundles of hay. Old English " bottles of hay," 
as in Shakspere. 

154. Horses in Italy are fed on barley. 

155. Interea, meanwhile; so long as he is still consul. — Every 
year at the Latin holidays the consuls sacrificed to Jupiter Latiaris 
on the Alban mount. Originally a white steer was offered. Some 
scholars think that robum here is simply robustum. Cf. Paul. Diac, 
p. 264. 

Robum, red. An archaic word, e re sacra petitum (Madvig), used 
here to harmonize with more Numce. It is given by the scholiast^ 
and is now generally adopted, Pu>, torvum. 

157. Epona. From equus. In the Italian dialects p is often found 
for qu, e. g. pis = quis. — So sequ-or is from the same root as honai. 
Among the fades pictae over the stalls may have been that of Bubona. 

158. Instaurare, to repeat his visits to. The word is used partic- 

14 — Juv. S2 



210 NOTES. 

ularly of solemn ceremonies, and there seems to be a certain humor 
in it here. The solemn rites which he prefers and pays again and 
again are those of the midnight taverns. 

159. Obvius implies " sponte se ofFerens." " promptus," " paratus." 

160. Editors generally mark this verse as of doubtful genuineness. 
Hermann brackets the first two words in it and the last three in the 
preceding verse. " The gate of Idumsea " would mean a place through 
which the traffic of Idumsea passed. 

161. With the officious politeness of a host, he salutes him as " my 
lord " and " king." 

162. The hostess, with her clothes tucked up to facilitate her 
movements, bustles in with a bottle of wine (lagona = lagena), for 
which he will pay a round price. 

163. Dicat. So Jahn, Ribbeck, Weidner ; dicH P ; dicet pw. 

164. Nempe, of course. (And so in verse 180.) 

168. Thermae is here generally taken as equivalent to thermopo- 
lium, a place where hot wine-and-water was sold. « But as drinking 
went on at the baths (Sen. Ep. 122 ; Mart. xii. 70), in or near which 
there were probably drinking " bars " and popinae, it may well be 
taken in its proper sense. — Inscripta lintea are curtains, or awnings, 
bearing names or devices to serve the purpose of our sign-boards. 
They may hang before low eating-houses or stews. 

169 sq. He is old enough to protect the empire by arms (bello) 
against the Parthians and Germans. 

170. Nero is used generically, for the emperor of the day. 

171. Mitte Ostia, send (him) to Ostia, to embark for a foreign war. 
The name of the town, Ostia, is generally of the first dec!., fern. ; but 
Charisius says the neut. plural form was often used. So Strabo, v. 2 : 

to 6' "Slcma iorlv iniveiov rrjs 'Yiofjujg. 

173-178. " The scene is one that Hogarth might have drawn," — as 
the commentators have said, one after another. 
173 sq. Jacentem, lying at table. — Fugitivis, sc. servfe. 

176. The priest of Cybele is lying dead-drunk upon his back, with 
his silent drum (or tambourine) beside him. — The tympana, as it 
appears from old paintings, were struck with the open hand. 

177. Aequa ibi libertas. " It 's liberty-hall." 

179 sq. On the mood and tense, cf. Hor. Sat. i. 1, 63. 

180. Lucanos, sc. agros. — Ergastula were private prisons attached 
to most Roman farms, where the slaves were made to work in chains. 
Sometimes slaves were taken from the ergastulum, still chained, to 
till the fields. In Lucania and Etruria there were great latifundia 



SATIRE VIII. 211 

and pasture-lands, which barbarous slaves were employed to culti- 
vate. 

182. Cerdoni. Cf. iv. 153 note. — Volesus Valesius was the an- 
cestor of the patrician gens Valeria, and hence of Valerius Poplicola, 
who was associated with Brutus in the first consulship. 

185. Damasippus seems to be a typical name, borrowed from Hor- 
ace (Sat. ii. 3), for a man of birth and fortune who had ruined himself. 

186. Sipario, to the curtain, where we should say, to the stage. 
The siparium answered the purpose of the modern drop-scene ; but 
it was depressed when the scene began, and raised again when the 
play was ended. — The noisy " Ghost " was a mime by Catullus, who 
was a noted mime-writer. Cf. xiii. Ill ; Mart. v. 30. 

187 sq. In the mime Laureolus, the chief character (here taken 
by Lentulus, another dissolute nobleman) was that of an artful 
slave who was caught in some knavery and crucified. Lentulus ap- 
pears to be crucified in the mimic scene on the stage, but he deserves 
a real cross. — Velox, because he tried to run away from his punish- 
ment. 

190. Triscurria (tri- and scurra), gross buffooneries. This word is 
a &na^ elprjfiivov in the language. The tri- is intensive, as in triparciis 
trifur, trifurcifer, triportenta, triveneficus, triperditus, " thrice-great 
Hermes." 

191. Planipedes = mimi. The actors of mimes appeared pedibus 
plants (= nudis), unlike those of tragedy, who wore the cothurnus, 
and those of comedy, who wore the soccus. 

The Fabia gens claimed descent from Hercules. Cf. verse 14. 

192. The Mamerci were a noble family of the Aemilia gens. The 
whole gens traced its descent from Mamercus, a son of Numa. 

Alapas. Inferior characters on the stage, — slaves, parasites, buf- 
foons, — were slapped on the face and cuffed about by superior per- 
sonages. Cf. v. 171 note. 

Quanti sua funera vendant, at how great a price they sell the fu- 
neral of their honor. Juvenal says, " their own obsequies," for 

"when honor dies, 
The man is dead." 

For funera Ribbeck adopts munera, a gratuitous conjecture of 
Dobree's. 

193. Suetonius says Nero caused four hundred senators and six 
hundred knights to fight in the arena. The number is probably ex- 
aggerated. 



212 NOTES. 

194. In JuvenaPs time the praetor presided over the public games. 
He sat on his curule chair, raised above the other seats. Celsi, seated 
on high. This verse is regarded by Ribbeck and some others as 
spurious. 

196. Quid satius, which of the two is to be preferred t The use of 
quid for utrum is not without example in prose. In Juvenal it 
occurs only here. 

Exhorruit = horret. Has any one become so terrified at = is any 
one so terrified at. As a present meaning may be conveyed by a per- 
fect, so, on the other hand, a perfect may be represented by a present : 
thus ardet is perfect with reference to exardescit. 

197. Zelotypus, the jealous husband in the play. — Thymele, a no- 
torious mima. Cf. i. 36. — The stupidus is the blockhead who gets 
knocked about. Cf. v. 171 note. — Corinthus, an actor secundarum, 
i. e. of such parts as the stupidus, morio, parasitus. 

198. Nero appeared on the stage as a harper. — For mimus (PZ) 
inferior MSS. read natus. 

199 sqq. Ludus (sc. gladiatorius) , the school in which they learn 
the gladiator's art, with a lanista for their teacher. (Madvig, Opusc. 
ii. 184.) — Et illic, etc., here, too : i. e. in this low art, also, you have 
— a disgrace to the town — Gracchus fighting in the arena, not even 
choosing such costume and arms as would serve as a disguise, but as 
a retiarius with uncovered face, and actually wearing the gold- 
fringed tunic and tall conical cap, with flowing ribbons, which 
marked him as a priest of Mars. (But see note on 207 sq., infra.) 

200. The myrmillones (mirmillones) were armed with a helmet, 
short sword, and oblong shield covering the greater part of their 
body. The Thraces (Threces) also had helmets, swords, and round 
shields. 

201. The falx is a short sword or sica. — Supina, uplifted; (Hein- 
rich says it is " incurva." ) 

203 sqq. " Retiarii carried only a three-pointed lance, called tri- 
dens or fuscina, and a net, rete, which they endeavored to throw 
over their adversaries, and then to attack them with the fuscina 
while they were entangled. The retiarius was dressed in a short 
tunic, and wore no armor on his head. If he missed his aim in 
throwing the net (" nequiquam ejfudit"), he betook himself to flight 
(206), and endeavored to prepare his net for a second cast, while his 
adversary followed him round the arena in order to kill him before 
he could make a second attempt. His adversary was usually a secu- 
tor (210), or a mirmillo" 



SATIRE VIII. 213 

205. Spectaoula = spectatores. 

207 sq. Can we believe our eyes, when we see him fighting in the 
arena in the dress of the Salii ? Are we to give credence to his tunic, 
as it stretches all golden from his neck and the twisted strings flutter 
from his tall cap f The Salii, who were chosen from the patricians, 
wore a gold-embroidered tunic with a gold fringe around the border, 
and a tall conical cap or mitre, fastened under the chin by a gold 
band of twisted work. Some understand jactetur spira of a knot 
of ribbons floating in the air at the top of the cap. 

So commentators generally. A very different (and possibly the 
correct) explanation of this passage is given by Kiser, who places a 
semicolon after harena (206), and a comma after credamus, removes 
the comma after tunicae, and ends verse 208 with a period. His 
translation, which excludes any reference to the Salii, is this : We 
may believe that it is he, when (in his flight; the golden cord stretches 
from the neck of his tunic, and floats out from his long armlet. " Gar- 
rucius dicit galerum esse manicam e corio vel aere factam, qua 
retiarii sinistrum bracchium tegeretur, quaeque supra humerum ex- 
staret. Idem spiram docet fuisse funiculum gladiatorium, qui in 
signis atque tabulis pictis a sinistro humero ad dextram coxam cir- 
cumcurrens et manicam cum balteo conjungens videri possit." 

212. Some of those who joined in Piso's conspiracy against Nero 
(A. d. 65) had the ultimate aim in view of raising Seneca to the 
throne. Cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 65. 

213 sq. Non una, more than one ; not one alone. — Parricides were 
whipped, sewn up in a sack with a dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, 
and thrown into the sea, or, where the sea was not at hand, exposed 
to wild beasts. Nero killed his mother, Agrippina, his wives Octa- 
via and Poppaea, his step-sister Antonia, his step-brother Britanni- 
cus, and his aunt Domitia, and is supposed to have had a hand in 
the death of his father by adoption, Claudius. 

215. Agamemnonidae. Orestes. There was a verse current at 
Rome in Nero's days : Nipuv, 'Op^n^, 'A>*>tatW, wrpoKTovoi,' 

216. Ille, that famed man of old (Orestes). 

217. Media inter pocula. So Homer, Odyss. xi. 409 sqq. : 

'AAAd fioi A*yi<r6os rev^ug d&vardv re (xSpov te 
£<ra avv ov\n\x(vT} aX'oXy olicovfie xaKeooag, 
btarvioaag, S>g rig re KareKTave fiavv bit <PdTvjj. 

218. He did not kill his sister nor his wife. 



214 NOTES. 

219. Conjugii = conjugis. Orestes married his cousin Hermione, 
daughter of Menelaus and Helen. 

220 sq. Nero went upon the stage first at Naples, where he ap- 
peared several times. He wrote an epic poem on the taking of Troy, 
which he recited publicly in the theatre. He is said to have recited 
it also as Rome was burning, while he looked out from a tower and 
admired the beauty of the flames. 

221 sqq. Quid is defined by quod . . . fecit (223), where quod (the 
MSS. giving quid) is a conjecture of Madvig's, now generally adopted. 
The sense is, Quid ex omnibus ejus factis magis ulcisci debuit? (Mad- 
vig Opusc. ii. 199 sqq. ; Roth Kl. Schr. ii. 432. ) 

" L. Verginius Rufus was governor of Upper Germany, when Ju- 
lius Vindex, propraetor of Gaul, rose against Nero, A. D. 68. Yindex 
having offered Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, the em- 
pire, Galba also revolted. Verginius marched against Yindex, pro- 
testing that he would acknowledge no one as emperor till he had been 
proclaimed by the senate. At Vesontio (Besanqon) the two generals 
are said to have had a conference, and to have agreed to unite against 
Nero ; but an engagement took place, and Yindex, being defeated, 
died by his own hand. Verginius afterward aided in the establish- 
ment of Galba, and several times refused the empire for himself. 
His funeral oration was pronounced by Tacitus, who was consul that 
year (a. d. 97)." " It is rather strange to find Juvenal coupling him 
with Yindex, as the epitaph composed by himself for his tomb ran 
thus : 

Hie situs est Rufus, pulso qui Vindice quondam 
Imperium asseruit non sibi sed patriae." 

225 sq. Nero went through Greece, A. D. 67, reciting in the 
theatres and contending for the prizes at the games. He received no 
less than eighteen hundred crowns, partly in compliment, and partly 
for his so-called victories ; and on his return to Rome he entered the 
city in triumph, wearing on his head an Olympic crown of wild 
olive, and bearing in his hand a Pythian crown of laurel, while he 
had the catalogue of his victories borne before him. The parsley 
crown has special reference to the musical contests at the Nemean 
games, in which a chaplet of parsley was the prize. 

228 sq. Nero's father was Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, for a statue 
of whom he asked the Senate a. d. 54, the year he came to the 
throne. — Besides the Greek plays on these subjects, there were Latin 
tragedies, which were very likely imitations of them. Thus Yarius 



SATIRE VIII. 215 

wrote a Thyestes, Nero himself an Antigone, and both Ennius and 
Accius a Menalippe. — The syrma (from ovpa) was a robe worn by 
the tragic actors, which had a train trailing upon the ground. — Per- 
sonam, the mask. — Menalippe = Melanippe. Euripides wrote a 
tragedy with this title.— I read Antigones aut after Hermann. Jahn 
and Ribbeck, Antigonae sen (P). Many MSS. give Antigones tu. 

230. The marble colossus is probably the colossal statue of one of 
Nero's ancestors. 

231. Catiline was of the gens Sergia } one of the oldest of the 
patrician families (cf. Verg. Aen. v. 121). Cethegus, his chief com- 
panion in his conspiracy, was of a still more distinguished family, in 
the gens Cornelia. 

234. The reference is to the Gauls, the inveterate enemies of Rome. 
Before the formation of the separate province Gallia Narbonensis, 
the Romans gave the inhabitants the name Bracati (Braccati), from 
their wearing, like nearly all other nations not Greek or Roman, 
braccae, i. e. " breeks " or " breeches." These trowsers were looser 
than we wear them now, but not so loose among the European nations 
as in the East. There may be an allusion here to the Allobroges, a 
Gallic people in this quarter, who had been invited, through their 
ambassadors, to join in the conspiracy of Catiline. The Senones 
were an ancient Gallic tribe on the Seine ; (their name still survives 
in Sens.) They invaded Italy in the time of the Tarquins, and 
settled on the Adriatic (where they have left a record of themselves 
in the name of Senigaglia) ; and this was the tribe that took and 
burned Rome B. c. 390. — Minores, the descendants. Weidner under- 
stands -que in this verse thus : the sons of the Gauls, and indeed the 
descendants of the Senones, — that very tribe that took Rome. 

235. Tunica molesta, "with the tunic of torture." This was a 
tunic covered over with (or made of) paper, pitch, wax, and other 
combustibles, which was put upon the victims, who were bound to a 
stake, and then lighted. 

236. Vigilat consul. Cic. in Cat. i. 8 : Intelliges multo me vi- 
gilare acrius ad salutem, quam te ad perniciem reipublicae. 

Vexilla = troops, bands. 

237 sq. Cicero was born B. c. 106 at Arpinum, a town of Latium 
and a municipium. He was the first of his gens that had curule 
honors, and was therefore novus homo and ignobilis {no noble ; not 
" ignoble " in our sense). — Modo . . eques, but the other day only a 
municipal knight living at Rome* 

238. Galeatum. Hence, ready for action. Cf. i. 169. 



216 NOTES. 

239. Attonitis, " for the bewildered citizens," who knew nothing 
of the reasons for these things. 

In omni monte, on every hill (of Eome), i. e. throughout the 
whole city. Monte (S) is now adopted by the best editors. Other 
readings are gente (pw) and ponte (" legitur et ponte" S). In P the 
first two letters are erased or illegible. 

240. The toga represents peace, and civil functions. 

241 sq. From Leucas means from the battle of Actium, which 
place was about thirty miles north of the island of Leucas or Leu- 
cadia. From the plains of Thessaly refers to the battle of Philippi, 
— inaccurately, as Philippi is in Macedonia adjecta, a district origi- 
nally Thracian. — The original name of Augustus was C. Octavius ; 
but he dropped this at his great uncle's death, and then became C. 
Julius Caesar Octavianus, to which the title of Augustus was added 
B. c. 27. — In 241 with Klbbeck I adopt Hermann's conjecture, vix. 
The MSS. give in (PS f gh), and non (pu>). Non is certainly inad- 
missible. The true reading may be quantum Leucate (Kiaer, p. 87). 

243 sq. Set — dixit. But Eome called Cicero " Parent," Eome 
called him " Father of his Country," when she was free. It was an 
enslaved Eome that gave that title to Augustus. 

245. Arpinas alius. C. Marius. 

247. The vine switch was the centurion's baton of office, and was 
also used for military floggings. — " Broke with his head " = had the 
switch broken over his head. 

248. The dolabra was a hatchet on one side, but had a pick on the 
other. Ancient writers speak of breaking through ice, felling trees, 
breaking through and undermining walls, and performing various 
other operations, with dolabrae. 

249. In B. c. 101 Marius and Q. Lutatius Catulus defeated the 
Cimbri on a plain called Campi Eaudii, near Vercellae in Gallia 
Cisalpina. — Eerum, of the State. 

252. Majora cadavera. The Cimbri were remarkable for their size. 

253. Nobilis, nobly born. 

254-258. " The Decii were a plebeian family, but a very old one ; 
for at the secession of the plebs, B. c. 494, M. Decius was one of the 
deputies sent by them to treat with the senate." P. Decius Mus, 
father and son, devoted themselves to death in battle, thereby secur- 
ing the victory to the Eomans : the first in the war against the Latins 
(Liv. viii. 9), the second in that against the Gauls (Liv. x. 28). The 
formula of devotion, after calling on the gods, finished with these 
words : Pro re publica Quiritium, exereitu, legionibus, auxiliis pop- 



SATIRE VIII. 217 

uli Romani Quiritium legiones auxiliaque hostiuni mecum diis Ma- 
nibus Tellurique devoveo (Liv. viii. 9). — Quae servantur. In this 
concise expression, quae suggests everything that was great in Rome, 
her wealth, her power, her splendor, her dominion. 

259. Ancilla natus. I. e. Servius Tullius. — The trabea was a 
. white robe, with stripes of purple, supposed to have been worn by 

the kings. — The diadema was a band or fillet. 

260. Meruit, earned by his merits ; won. 

261-268. Juvenal refers to the participation of the sons of Brutus, 
the first consul, in the conspiracy for restoring Tarquinius Superbus. 
They were the very men from whom some great exploit in behalf of 
liberty only partially established (dubia, still doubtful) might have 
been expected, such as Mucins (who thrust his right hand into the 
fire) in unison with Codes (who kept the bridge) might admire, and 
the virgin Cloelia, who swam across the Tiber and escaped from the 
camp of Porsena. 

261. Laxabant, were on the point of loosening ; were ready to loosen. 
265. Imperii fines. After the surrender of the city to Porsena, the 

Romans lost their territory on the right bank of the river. 

Tiberim. Accusative of the space over which the action extends. 
More simply, we might have had Tiberim tranatavit. 

266 sq. He that revealed the crime was a slave ; and he deserved 
to be mourned by the matrons, even as was the consul Brutus himself. 

268. The first axe of the laws signifies the first execution under 
the laws of a free state. The constitution of Massachusetts indicates 
the difference between arbitrary and republican government, in the 
happy phrase, " to the end that it may be a government of laws, and 
not of men." 

269 sqq. Thersites, the deformed and odious braggart and slan- 
derer in Homer (II. ii. 212 sqq.). — Aeacidae, Achilles. — Vulcania 
arma. Cf. Horn. II. xviii. 369 sqq. 

272. Et tamen, and after all. — Tit longe, however far back.— "Re- 
volvere nomen = revolvendis voluminibus quaerere nomen. 

273. Asylo. Cf. Liv. i. 8; Dionys. Hal. ii. 215. 

275. Even Romulus and Remus had been brought up as shepherds. 

#** This satire abounds in sharp contrasts, as those between Xero 
and Seneca, Cicero and Catiline, Marius and Catulus, the Decii 
and the patricians, the sons of Brutus and the slave; so also the 
picture of a worthy noble is followed by examples of the opposite — 
noble-born coachmen, actors, gladiators. (Weidner.) 

T 



SATIRE X. 



o**o 



ARGUMENT. 



1-11. In all the world, but few can tell good from its opposite. 
When are our fears or hopes guided by reason ? What wish when 
gained is not repented of? The gods, too kind, ruin whole houses 
at their own desire. In peace and war we pray for what must hurt 
us : the gift of eloquence or sinewy arms are fatal both alike. 

12-27. But more are choked with money, that theirs shall excel all 
other men's fortunes. For this in tyrannous times by Nero's bidding 
Longinus, Seneca, and Lateranus were shut up in their houses : but 
guards are seldom set to watch a garret. The empty traveller sings 
in the robber's presence ; carry a little silver cup or two and you 
shall start at every reed that moves. But wealth is our first prayer ; 
and yet no poison lurks in earthen mugs, 't is in the jewelled cup 
and Setian wine you have to fear it. 

28-53. Did not the sages well then, one who laughed and one who 
wept whene'er he went abroad ? Any can laugh, but where the 
other got his store of tears we well may wonder. Democritus could 
laugh forever, yet those towns had no abuses like our own. Suppose 
he had seen the Praetor going to the games in his tall chariot with 
Jove's tunic on, with folds of purple toga, and a great crown, too 
big for any neck, borne by a slave placed in the same chariot with 
him, of course to lower his pride ; an eagle on his ivory staff, on one 
side trumpeters, on the other friends and citizens in white, friends 
whom his dole makes such. Why, even there he laughed at every 
turn, showing that men of mind are found even in dullest times. He 
mocked the cares, the joys, sometimes the very tears of men. bade 
Fortune hang herself, and pointed at her. 

54-113. So all our prayers are idle or they 're mischievous. Some 
by the envy which is linked with power, some by long rolls of honors 
are undone; their statutes fall, triumphal chariots are hacked to 
pieces. The flames are crackling, see Sejanus burns, and from that 
face, second to only one, are pots and pans and kettles made. Re- 
joice! Sejanus through the streets is dragged, and all are happy. 
" Look at his lips, his face : I never loved the man ; but who ac- 
cused him, how has the offence been proved ? " " A wordy long epistle 
came from Capreae." " No more, I ask no more. But what of the 

218 



SATIRE X. 219 

rabble ? " " They follow fortune and they hate the fallen. Had but 
the Tuscan prospered and taken the old man off his guard, that self- 
same hour they had hailed him emperor. We 've grown indifferent 
since our votes were sold, and they who once gave all the honors now 
mind nothing but their belly and the games." " I hear that many 
are to share his fate." " Of course ; the fire is large." " I met Brutidius 
looking rather pale ; Ajax will be for punishing us all for not sup- 
porting him : let 's run and tread upon the corpse, and let the slaves 
be witness." This was what people whispered of Sejanus. Would 
you be bowed to as he was, and have his power, and be the guardian 
of a tyrant, living on a lonely rock, surrounded by astrologers ? Of 
course you like promotion, and why not? But what is rank, if mis- 
ery be its measure ? Which would you rather take, Sej anus's toga 
or the rags of a country Aedile ? He then, you must allow, knew 
not what he should ask : for he who prayed for too much power did 
only build himself a tower to fall the farther from. What ruined 
Crassus, Caesar, and Pompeius ? The rank they sought by every art, 
and gods too prone to listen to their prayers, Few kings and tyrants 
die a natural death. 

114-132. Boys pray Minerva for Demosthenes's or Cicero's elo- 
quence, and yet 't was this that killed them. 'T was genius that lost 
its head and hands. Small pleaders never dyed the rostra with 
their blood. Had he writ all as he wrote poetry, then Cicero might 
have mocked Antonius's swords. I 'd rather be the author of his 
poems than of his famous speech. A cruel death was his, too, who 
held the reins of the full theatre before admiring Athens, whom with 
bad omens born his father sent to school from the forge. 

133-167. The spoils of war some count the height of human hap- 
piness; for this do all great captains rouse themselves. The thirst 
for fame is greater than for virtue ; for take away her honors who 
would love her ? The glory of a few then, thirsting for epitaphs to 
be inscribed upon their tomb till the fig splits it, has wrecked their 
country : tombs themselves must perish. Put Hannibal in the scales ; 
how many pounds in that great general, whom Africa could not hold ? 
He wins Hispania, leaps across the Pyrenees, and splits the Alps 
with vinegar. Now he 's in Italy ; that's not enough ; he counts it 
nothing till he plants his flag in the streets of Rome. A glorious 
picture that, the one-eyed captain on his elephant ! What was the 
issue then? O glory ! he himself is beaten, sent into exile, and there 
sits at the king's door till he be pleased to wake. The soul that 
shook the world, a ring laid low. Go, fool, and scale the Alps, that 
boys may learn to wonder and declaim ! 168-173. For Pella's boy 
one world was not enough : its narrow limits were to him as Gyarus 
or Seriphus : yet when he came to Babylon a coffin satisfied him. 
Death reveals how small we little men are. 173-187. The credulous 
believe that Xerxes cut through Athos, and all the lies of Greek 
historians : he bridged the sea and drank up rivers, flogged the 
winds, and chained the earth-shaker — how merciful not to have 
branded him ! Sure any of the gods would have been glad to be his 
slave ! But how did he get back from Salamis ? Why, with one 
ship, through seas choked with the corpses of his men. This was 
the penalty his glory found. 



220 NOTES. 

188-245. " Give me long life, O Jove, and many years ! " So un- 
abashed and eagerly vou pray. But age is full of ills : an ugly face, 
tough skin, cheeks flabby, wrinkles like a monkey. In youth there ; s 
some variety, old men are all alike ; with trembling voice and limbs, 
bald head and running nose, and toothless gums, a burden to them- 
selves and all about them. His taste is gone of meat and drink; the 
finest music gives him no enjoyment. What matter where he sits at 
the theatre? He cannot hear the very horns and trumpets. His 
slave must bawl when visitors are announced or when he tells him 
what 's o'clock. The blood runs cold and scanty in his veins, and it 
requires a fever to keep him warm. A troop of all diseases dances 
around him; so numerous I could sooner reckon Hippia's lovers, 
Thernison's victims, how many villas my old barber has. One has 
the rheumatism, one the lumbago, one sciatica: this one is blind, 
that one is fed by others ; he would grin once at the sight of dinner, 
now gapes like a young swallow for his food. But worst of all is 
dotage that forgets its servants, friends, and children : makes a will 
and gives its money to a harlot. But though he keeps his senses, he 
must see his friends all dying round him. This is the penalty of 
age, to pass its days in mourning for the dead. 246-257. Nestor of 
course was happy, who lived to be as old almost as the crows. But 
see him mourning by Antilochus's pyre, asking what crime he had 
done that he should live so long. See Peleus weeping for Achilles, 
Laertes for his wandering son. 258-288. Had Priam died before 
the war of Troy, his sons had carried him to burial with solemn 
rites and mourning women, his daughters at their head. What did 
he get by living ? He saw all Asia fall by fire and sword, then put 
his armor on and ran to the altar like an old ox to perish. His 
death, however, was a man's: his wife survived him and she died a 
dog. But passing by Pontus's king and Croesus and the lesson 
Solon gave him, look at Marius, exiled, imprisoned, swamped, and 
begging bread where he was late a victor. Who had been happier 
had he breathed his last when he came down from his triumphal 
chariot? Pompeius had a fever sent him, but the prayers of many 
towns prevailed, and so his fortune saved him to lose an army and 
his head. This Lentulus was spared, Cethegus too died whole, and 
Catilina fell no mangled carcass. 

289-329. Mothers will pray for beauty for their children. Why 
should they not? Lucretia bids us ask not for form like hers : Vir- 
ginia would have changed for the hunchback girl. Seldom do 
chastity and beauty go together : though your child be trained with 
all simplicity, though nature guard him with a modest mind and 
blushing face, great risks attend him. " But if he 's chaste, his 
beauty will not hurt him." Nay, did Hippolytus's virtue profit him, 
or did Bellerophon's? 

329-345. How would you counsel Silius, when Messalina had re- 
solved to marry him ? The best and handsomest, a noble youth, is 
hurried to his death by the Empress's eyes. The veil is on her head, 
the portion settled, and the auspices declared. Is it a private busi- 
ness? No, she must marry as becomes her state. Now make your 
choice, marry or die before the evening falls ; marry and die when 
the Prince hears of it. You '11 have a few days' reprieve ; he '11 be 



SATIRE X. 221 

the last to learn his own disgrace : so do her bidding. Either way, 
thy fair neck suffers for it. 

346-366. Must we then ask for nothing ? Leave the gods them- 
selves to settle what is good for us. They give us what is best, not 
pleasantest. We ask in the heat of passion for wife or children, and 
know not what they '11 prove. But if you must pray, let it be for 
health, a healthy body and a healthy mind ; for a stout heart that 
fears not death, but counts the end of life a gift of nature ; able to 
bear its toils, patient, content, preferring the labors of Hercules to 
lust and appetite and luxury. This you may give yourself; a tran- 
quil life lies in the path of virtue. Fortune, thou hast no power, if 
we have Prudence at our side : 'tis we, 'tis we, make thee a goddess, 
and set thee up in heaven. Macleane, with modifications. 



1 sq. Usque Auroram et Gangen. The use of the adverb usque as a 
preposition is rare, even in the poets. It is generally followed by ad, 
except before terminal accusatives of the names of towns (as Cic. in 
Pis. 51 : a Brundisio usque Romam agmen perpetuum). 

3. Illis multum di versa. A euphemism for vera mala. 

4. Nebula, mist. — Ratione, intelligently, with right understand- 
ing. 

5. Quid tarn dextro pede concipis, what purpose do you conceive so 
auspiciously. The expression dextro pede implies a happy approach, 
— a felicitous coming up to, or starting out for, some object. Porters 
in Rome used to call out to guests about to enter the house, dextro 
pede! — The reading of inferior MSS. concupis is a clerical error; 
and Ribbeck's conjecture conripis is uncalled for. 

5, 6. TJt — peracti, that you do not repent after you have made 
your attempt and accomplished your wish. Conatus of course gen- 
itive. 

7. Evertere. The perfect here resembles a gnomic aorist; but it 
could not be replaced by everttre solent. The English, have over- 
throtvn, very well represents it. In the Greek gnomic aorist the 
historical element is always a part of the meaning ; it is said that 
something happened in the past, and it is left for the mind to take it 
as an example of what often or customarily happens. Sometimes 
our idiom compels us to sink the historical statement in translation, 
and use our present of a general truth ; but in such cases we lose the 
vividness and the pictorial character of the original. 

Domos, families. 

Optantibus. Ribbeck reads operantibus, with cod. Bernensis 61. 

T2 



222 NOTES. 

8. What is the force of faciles ? 
Toga = in pace. 

9. Torrens. Cf. iii. 74 : Isaeo torrentior ; x. 127-8. 

10. Sua, his native, his inborn (eloquence). 

Viribus ille confisus. Ille would seem to indicate some one well 
known. The scholiast says the reference is to Milo of Crotona, the 
athlete, wedged in the trunk of the tree which he strove to rend, and 
devoured by wolves. Macleane refers ille to the soldier, as opposed 
to the orator. Heinrich and Macleane read admirandusque (11), 
after a few inferior MSS. 

11. Periit. The last syllable is lengthened here in the arsis, before 
the caesura. The fact that i in the termination of the perf. 3 sing, 
was originally long (Lachmann, Fleckeisen, Ritschl, Corssen), ex- 
plains its frequent occurrence as long in the oldest poets, and, after 
it had become short, made it easier for the poets of the Augustan 
age to lengthen it, when metrical considerations urged them. But 
Juvenal is very ready to lengthen a short syllable in this situation, 
and needed not the aid of any historical consideration. 

13. Before exuperans (exsuperans) supply tanto, to correspond 
with quanto (14). Cf. xiii. 31. 

14. Ballaena (balaena). "In Juvenal's time, whales probably 
came as far south as Great Britain more commonly than they do 
now." 

15. Temporibus diris, " in the reign of terror." 

16 sq. Longinum clausit = Longini domum clausit. Cf. Juno 
regina dedicata est, for fanum Junonis ; Nagelsbach Stilistik $ 16. 
C. Cassius Longinus, a distinguished jurist, was consul and praetor, 
and a man of wealth. Nero in jealousy, banished him. — The phi- 
losopher Seneca, the tutor of Nero, was enormously wealthy. The 
conspiracy of Piso gave the emperor a pretext for putting him to 
death. He was dining at his villa, four miles from Rome, when the 
tribune came with the fatal mandate. Tacitus says (Ann. xv. 60) : 
illo propinqua vespera tribunus venit et villam globis militum sepsit. 
— The patriotic Plautius Lateranus, consul designatus, also suffered 
death for complicity in the conspiracy of Piso. 

18. Conors, sc. praetoria. — Varro (L. L. v. 33, 45) shows how ce- 
naculum came to mean a garret or chamber in the attic : ubi cenabant 
cenaculum vocitabant; posteaquam in superiore parte cenitare coe- 
perunt, superioris domu^ universa cenacula dicta. 

19. Puri, plain ; without any figures or chasing. 

21. Ad lunam, in the moonlight. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 513. More 



SATIRE X. 223 

strictly, it is before the moon, in the presence of the moon, and is 
thus vivid and poetical. — Trepidabis umbras. Cf. viii. 152, note. 
25. Foro. The bankers' offices were in and about the forum. 

27. Setinum. The favorite vintage in JuvenaFs time. Cf. v. 34 ; 
xiii. 213. 

Ardebit, shall glow ; shall give its color in the cup. I prefer this 
to Mayor's explanation, which refers the word to the wine's burning 
the palate. 

28. Jamne. The enclitic -ne is used here, where we should expect 
nonne, an affirmative answer being called for. So in Greek we find 
apa. for a// ov. — Jam = quod cum ita sit. — Laudas. Do you not think 
it well , — approve the fact. 

29. 30. The laughing philosopher was Democritus of Abdera ; the 
weeper, Heracleitus. — Contrarius auctor, the opposite authority; 
the teacher of the opposite view. 

31. Rigidi censura cachinni, the censure of a hard sardonic laugh. 
The genitive is specific. Laughter is the kind of censure which 
Democritus employs. 

34. TJrbibus illis. Abdera, Ephesus, and the cities of those days. 

35. The tribunal was a raised platform (/%«*, French tribune) in 
the basilica, on which the praetor and the judices sat when they held 
their courts of law. 

36 sqq. The Ludi Circenses were preceded by a grand procession 
in which the praetor rode in a triumphal chariot with all the insignia 
of a triumph. — The tunica Jo vis (called also tunica palmata) was 
worn only on triumphal occasions. Together with the toga picta (38, 
39), it was kept in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. — Pictae sar- 
rana aulaea togae, the purple hangings (i. e. cumbrous folds) of the 
embroidered toga. Pictae, sc. acu. Sarrana, Tyrian, Sarra (Sara) 
being a name in one of the Greek epics which was ascribed to 
Homer, and in the early Latin writers (Ennius, Plautus), for Tyre. 

39-42. One of the slaves owned by the state rides in the same 
chariot as the triumpher, to keep down his pride ; this slave holds a 
heavy golden crown set with jewels. The victor himself wore a 
crown of laurel. — The praetor is here called consul, from the orig- 
inal association of the two names, and because, before the reign of 
Augustus, it was the consul that presided at the Circensian games. 

43. Da nunc = add now. — Volucrem, the eagle. — Sceptro. Abl. 
of point of origin or departure. Juvenal omits the preposition (e), 
as in iii. 271. 

44 sq. Praecedentia longi agminis officia = praecedentes longo 



224 NOTES. 

agmine omciosos, the clients marching before him in long array. 
Oflicia, abstract for concrete, as often consilium, conjugium, remi- 
gium, servitium, and other words. Weidner takes officio, for the 
officials ; but officium is often used of attendance on the great. Cf. 
iii. 239. — Niveos. White was the color worn on festive occasions. 
Men wishing to make a good appearance at such times sent their 
togas to the fullo to have an extra whitening. 
Ad frena, by his bridle ; walking by his horses' heads. 

46. Defossa, buried deep. 

47. Invenit. Sc. Democritus. — Omnis. Accusative plural. 

50. Vervecum in patria, " in the native country of mutton-heads " 
(blockheads). The people of Abdera were proverbial for dulness. 
Mart. x. 25 : Abderitanae pectora plebis habes. 

53. Medium unguem. The middle finger, digitus infamis, the 
finger of scorn. 

54. Ergo, so then. — Aut vel, or even. — Aut vel is a conjecture of 
Doederlein's, adopted by Hermann, Jahn, and Weidner. The MSS. 
(one excepted, which gives vel alone) read simply aut, thus leaving 
an hiatus. Among the conjectural readings proposed are aut et and 
haec aut. Lachmann proposed ergo, supervacua aut ne perniciosa 
petantur, placing an interrogation mark at the end of verse 55 ; Rib- 
beck follows Lachmann, placing, however, a colon at the end of line 
54, and no mark of punctuation after ergo. But considering the fre- 
quency with which Juvenal uses a short vowel in the arsis before 
the caesura, and even admits an hiatus there, Kiser may be right in 
reading with the MSS. simply aut perniciosa. 

55. "For which we deem it right to cover the knees of the gods 
with the waxen tablets of our vows." The custom alluded to is that 
of placing in the lap of the statues of the deities supplicated waxen 
tablets containing vows written out. Madvig proposes the emenda- 
tion of reading incerate in the imperative, which Jahn adopts; this 
change requires a period or colon after petuntur, 

56. Subjecta, exposed. 

57. Mergit, sc. cos (the same persons as quosdam). 

57, 58. Honorum pagina, the list of their honors, inscribed on a 
bronze tablet set up before the busts. 

58-64. Their statues are pulled down and dragged along by ropes ; 
the triumphal chariots and horses of bronze or marble are broken 
up; the brazen statues are melted down. 

62. Ingens, as Lewis says, seems to have a double reference to rhe 
greatness of Sejanus himself, and the size of his colossal statue. 



SATIRE X. 225 

63. Sejanus, favorite of Tiberius, and practically left to wield the 
supreme power in Rome, as " the second man in the world," while 
that tyrant was living in debauchery at Capreae, at last excited the 
emperor's suspicion, and fell suddenly from the height of greatness. 
Tiberius sent a dispatch to the senate, expressing (with his usual 
vagueness and indirection) his apprehensions. The senate at once 
decreed the death of Sejanus, and he was executed the same day. 
His body was dragged about the streets, and finally thrown into the 
Tiber. 

65 sq. Ornament the house, and offer sacrifice, as for a festive 
occasion. — Cretatum. " Either = candidum, or else in allusion to 
the habit of chalking over any dark spots when an ox white all over 
could not be found." The scholiast cites here from " Lucretius " 
(regarded universally as misplaced for Lucilius), Cretatumque bovem 
dud ad Capitolia magna. — Unco, the hook by which the bodies of 
condemned criminals were dragged to the Tiber or the Scalae Gemo- 
niae. 

67-88. A conversation between two citizens, returning from the 
execution; one, (who is always the questioner,) curious, anxious, 
time-serving ; the other, (who may be regarded as expressing the 
views of the poet himself,) dignified, calm, judicious. 

70. Indicium is the evidence of an accomplice turned informer. — 
Probavit, sc. Tiberius. 

72. Bene habet, it's all right; that's enough. 

73. Eemi is used by the Roman poets where we should expect 
Romuli, when metrical considerations demand. — Other readings 
are tremens (u) } fremens (j). 

74. Nortia (perhaps = Nevortia, "Arponos, cf. Bergk, Philol. 16, 
443), an Etruscan deity of Fortune or Destiny. Into the wall of her 
temple at Volsinii a nail was driven every year ; there was a similar 
custom in the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter at Rome. 

Tusco, i. e. Sejano. Sejanus was an Etrurian by descent, and born 
at Volsinii. 

75. Oppressa foret secura, had been caught off its guard. 

77. Ex quo (sc. tempore) suffragia nulli vendimus. With bitter 
sarcasm, Juvenal speaks of the people's loss of the right of suffrage 
as the loss of the right of selling their votes. Tiberius, two years 
after he became emperor, put an end to the little influence in public 
affairs which Augustus had left with the people, by transferring the 
elections from the Comitia to the senate. Neque populus ademptum 
jus questus est nisi inani rumore. (Tac. Ann. i. 15.) 
15 — Juv. 



226 NOTES. 

78. Effudit, sc. turba Remi. — Curas, (public) cares. 

79. Imperium, fasces. Dictatorships, consulships, praetorships.— 
Legiones. Perhaps the command of armies; or the military tribune- 
ships, two-thirds of which were assigned in the comitia. 

81. Panem, i. e. the public distribution of bread. Cf. vii. 174. 
Macleane takes it as simply " bread," the want of all, whether they 
received the public dole or not. 

82. Magna est fornacula. It can hold many statues besides those 
of Sejanus. 

83. Brutidius Niger was a distinguished orator and rhetorician in 
the time of Tiberius. He was probably a partisan of Sejanus, and 
trembled lest he should share his fate. — The altar of Mars was in 
the Campus Martius. 

84 sq. " I very much fear lest the baffled Ajax will wreak his 
vengeance upon him, for his feeble defence." Lewis explains the 
reference of victus Ajax to Tiberius as follows. "The poet has. in 
his mind the legend of Ajax conquered by Ulysses, and the mad 
rage which seized on him after his defeat, when he butchered the 
sheep, thinking they were his enemies. So the speaker is repre- 
sented as fearing that a similar butchering frenzy will seize Tiberius, 
whom he compares to Ajax, and, as Ajax was conquered, he affixes 
the epithet victus to him, without seeming to notice that it does not 
fit Tiberius. ' I am afraid that we are going to have a repetition of 
the story of conquered Ajax, — an undiscriminating massacre.' " In 
like manner Macleane comments on male defensus : " Under the 
character of Ajax, enraged with the leaders of the army for not tak- 
ing his part against Ulysses [Sejanus], the man means Tiberius, who 
in his letter to the senate expressed great alarm, and begged them to 
send one of the consuls with a guard to conduct him, a poor solitary 
old man, to their presence. These apprehensions, whether real or 
pretended, the senate might well fear would be visited on them, and 
they hastened to remove the cause of them, and everybody con- 
nected with him. This is what Niger had to fear." 

Madvig (Opusc. i. 44) proposes a very different explanation. The 
controversy between Ajax and Ulysses, he says, for the arms of 
Achilles, was a frequent subject for deciamationes (cf. vii. 115), and 
had been taken by the rhetorician Brutidius, who espoused the cause 
of Ajax. The speaker says, jokingly, he fears Ajax is going to 
exact the penalty of the death of the declaimer, for his frigid de- 
fense of his cause. Mayor and Anthon follow Madvig. 

87. The testimony of slaves against their masters could be received 



SATIRE X. 227 

only in cases of high treason, when they could be examined by tor- 
ture. (Cod. x. 11, 6.) Tiberius evaded the rule by ordering that the 
slaves should be purchased by the actor publicus. (Tac. Ann. ii. 30.) 

87. In jus, Augustus made the senate a high court of justice, and 
i gave it the right of taking cognizance of crimes against the state and 

the person of the emperors. 

88. Cervice obstricta. With a rope about his neck : the common 
way in which a resisting culprit was taken before a magistrate. 

90. Salutari. To have your morning levees thronged. 

91, 92. Illi, ilium. Like rw pip, rbv U. 

Summas curules, sc. sellas, the highest curule offices, — consul- 
ships, censorships, praetorships, curule aedileships. 

Tutor, guardian. Sejanus was virtually regent at Rome, and for 
a time had Tiberius completely under his control. 

94. Grege Chaldaeo. Chaldaea was looked upon as the head- 
quarters of astrology, magic, and sorcery : as may be gathered from 
the book of Daniel. Tiberius was slavishly devoted to the astrol- 
ogers in his latter years : " superstition and vice are often comrades." 

94 sq. Vis . . . domestica. Variously taken as meaning, Do you 
wish for yourself promotion (as priinipilus centurio, praefectus co- 
horti, eques egregius, and praefectus praetor io) : Do you wish the 
power of promoting others to these offices : and Do you wish for 
javelins, cohorts, a brilliant train of equestrian attendants, and a 
domestic camp, — i. e. do you wish to be attended by a guard, as Se- 
janus was. We may translate, with Weidner, At least you wish to 
be centurion, tribunus militum, praefectus alae, with equites illustres 
in your staff, and to have a body-guard at your house ? — Under the 
republic, equites egregii were such knights as were illustrious for 
birth, wealth, or fame. Under Augustus they were men of fortune, 
not necessarily of the equestrian order, to whom he gave the privi- 
lege of wearing the latus clavus. 

96. Et, even. 

97 sq. But what glory or prosperity is worth the condition that 
our sufferings must be proportioned to our success ? 

99. Hujus. I. e. of Sejanus. 

100. Fidenae and Gabii, and so (102) Ulubrae (cf. Hor. Epp. i. 11, 
30), are mentioned as small, unimportant towns. — Potestas, abstract 
for concrete. Cf. the Italian podesta. 

101. Minora, too small ; below the standard measure. 

102. Vacuis. Cf. Sat. iii. 102. 

103. Quid optandum foret depends upon Sejanum ignorasse. 



228 NOTES. 

106. Unde, so that from it, — Altior, from a greater height. 

107. Et . . . ruinae, " and dreadful the headlong descent of the 
ruin once set in motion." Macleane would translate impulsae, 
" beaten by the storm," or " struck by the bolt or lightning." Prae- 
ceps is used substantively. There is no instance of an adjective « 
agreeing with it earlier than Juvenal. 

108. Crassos, Pompeios. Used generically. — Ilium, C. Julius 
Caesar. The names are those of the so-called first triumvirate. 

109. Domitos deduxit flagra Quirites, tamed the Romans and 
brought them under his lash. 

110. Locus is the subject of evertit understood, in reply to the question. 
Nulla non arte. C. 256. — 111. Exaudita, heard too well. 

112. Who married the daughter of Ceres ? 

113. Sicca, i. e. bloodless. 

115 sq. The Quinquatria, a feast of Minerva, received its name 
from being originally celebrated on the 19th March, five days after 
the Ides. It was afterwards extended to the 23d, so as to occupy five 
days. These were holidays in the schools; on the first of them 
scholars paid the master the entrance fee, or minerval. — Uno . . . 
Minervam, pays his court to frugal Science with a single as, i. e. is in 
the lowest or alphabet class, where the school-fee is the smallest. 
Minervam = litter as. — Parcam, P and the best editors : pw partam. 

117. A little homeborn slave, capsarius, carries the boy's capsa or 
box of books and paper and pens. 

118. Pent. Perfect tense ; a contracted form not used by writers 
of the golden age. Riser makes it present, the final syllable regarded 
as long in arsi quarti pedis by the aid of the caesura (hephthemimeris). 

120. Ingenio. Best taken as dative, and abstract for concrete; 
genius for man of genius. Otherwise, it would be ablative of cause. 

121. Causidicus is always an inferior term, as compared with 
orator and patronus. 

122. A verse of Cicero's which was much ridiculed on account of 
the jingle fortunatam natam. Cf. Quintil. ix. 4. A contrary in- 
stance, where the repetition is, as Lewis says, a great beauty, is in the 
well-known verse of Terence, Eun. ii. 3, 6 : taedet quotidianarum 
harum formarum. 

123. Founded on Cicero's own words, Phil. ii. 46 : contempsi Ca- 
tilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. — Contemnere potuit, he really 
could have scorned. 

126. Volveris a prima quae proxima. A periphrase for the second. 
This second Philippic cost Cicero his life. 



SATIRE X. 229 

Volveris, art unrolled. An allusion to the form of Roman books. 

Ilium. Demosthenes. 

128. Theatri. In the time of Demosthenes, the assemblies of the 
people were frequently held in the theatre of Dionysos. 

129 sqq. Juvenal abuses a poet's license. " The father of Demos- 
thenes was a man of means, — the proprietor of a sword manufac- 
tory, it is true ; but not ' a blear-eyed, smutty-faced blacksmith/ as 
he is here represented as being." The father died when Demosthenes 
was seven years old. 

133. Truncis, " trunk- formed.' ' Trophies were made of arms 
taken from the enemy and piled up on the trunk of a tree or a 
wooden frame. 

135. Curtum temone jugum, a war-chariot shorn of its pole. 

136. Captivos = captivus. — Arcu. I. e. a triumphal arch. 

137. Humanis majora = iiti& r) kcit' avSpumv, superhuman. 

138. Induperator. Cf. Sat. iv. 29, note. 

148. Non capit, ov xupti, does not contain, is not large enough for. 

150. Rursus, again, in another direction. Repeat admota, or 
supply pertinens. 

152 sq. There is nothing harsh in the sequence of the present on 
the perfect. The obstacles which nature has placed in his way, are 
confronting him. 

153. Aceto. Cf. Liv. xxi. 37 ; Plin. H. N. xxiii. 21, 71. 

155. Cf. Lucan. ii. 657 : nil actum credens dum quid superesset 
agendum. — Fortas, sc. Romae. 

158. Lusoum. Hannibal got ophthalmia and lost one of his eyes 
in the marshes south of the Po, B. c. 217. Cf. Liv. xxii. 2. 

162. Bithyno tyranno. Prusias, to whom Hannibal betook himself 
upon leaving Antiochus, king of Syria, whither he had first fled. 

Vigilare, to wake up. 

163. Res humanas miscuit, threw the whole world into confusion. 
Miscere = avyKvKdv. 

166. The Romans sending a demand for the surrender of Hanni- 
bal, which Prusias was not able to resist, the great Carthaginian took 
poison, which he carried about with him in his signet-ring (anulus). 
In Cannarum vindex there may be an allusion to the bushels of 
rings of Roman knights picked up after the battle. 

167. Declamatio, the theme for a declamation or school-exercise. 

168. Alexander was born at Pella. 

171. Babylon is said to have been built of brick cemented with 
asphalt. 

U 



230 NOTES. 

172. Fatetur, betrays, reveals. Cf. Juv. ii. 17. 
172-3. Cf. Shakspere, Henry iv. : 

"When that this body did contain a spirit, 
A kingdom for it was too small a bound; 
But now, two paces of the vilest earth 
Is room enough." 

174. Juvenal now takes Xerxes as his example. Traces of the 
ship-canal cut to avoid the dangerous promontory of Mount Athos 
are still visible, although Juvenal treats the story as an invention.— 
The final syllable of Athos, though short, stands for a long syllable 
by the aid of the caesural pause. 

175 sq. Constratum . . . mare. This refers to the bridge of boats 
over the Hellespont. Cf. Lucret. iii. 1029 sqq. — Eibbeck has con- 
tractum, the reading of P a prima manu. Some MSS. have cum 
stratum, which Kiaer would adopt. 

176. The punctuation is Kiser's. Editors generally put a semi- 
colon after mare, and no mark after credimus. 

177. Herodotus speaks of several rivers as having been drunk dry 
by the enormous host of Xerxes. 

178. Prandente, at his lunch. — Sostratus. An unknown poet, 
who, it seems, sang of the exploits of Xerxes. — Madidis alis, in his 
drunken flights (Lewis). Madidis has been explained in three 
ways : (1) steeped in wine; (2) drooping ; (i. e. his song was feeble) ; 
and (3), moist with perspiration, in which case alis would be arm- 
pits, and the reference to the labor and heat of recitation. 

179. Qualis, in what plight. 

180 sq. Xerxes's custom of flogging whatever winds opposed him, 
making him a harder master than their king Aeolus (cf. Verg. Aen. 
i. 52 sqq.), may be a playful invention of Juvenal's. 

182. Aeschylus {Pers. v. 745 sqq.) and Herodotus (vii. 35) say that 
Xerxes chained the Hellespont for breaking his bridge. 

183 sq. This is quite merciful, to be sure, that he did not think him 
deserving also of being branded. So the MSS. As Herodotus says 
he had heard a report that Xerxes sent persons to brand the sea, 
editors have fancied it necessary to alter the text. So Jahn, at the 
suggestion of Weber, reads mitius id sane, quid f non et stigmate 
dignum Crediderit f Hermann and Weidner follow Jahn ; Ribbeck, 
Mayor, and Macleane follow the MSS. 

185 sq. Juvenal's story of the manner in which Xerxes escaped 
from Salamis differs from other accounts, but is good for his purpose. 



SATIRE X. 231 

189. Recto vultu. I. e. in health ; " with the erect look of health." 
This seems the best antithesis to pallidus. Heinrieh takes the 
words to mean unabashed, impavidus, understanding pallidus as 
" pale with anxiety." 

192. Dissimilem sui, unlike its (former) self. Escott compares 
with this expression the Greek Swarwrepoi lavruiv yiyvdfievot. 

194. Thabraca (Tabraca) was a town in Numidia, surrounded with 
jungles which abounded in monkeys. 

199. Leve. I. e. bald. — Madidi, drivelling. — Infantia, (second) 
infancy. 

200. Misero, sc. ei. The so-called dative of the agent. — Gingiva 
inermi. A gum unarmed is a toothless gum. 

201. Usque adeo gravis, so utterly burdensome is he. — Sibi. 
Juvenal lengthens the last vowel here in the arsis of the last foot. 
Cf. xv. 98 (mihi). 

202. Even a persistent fortune-hunter cannot stomach him. 
204. Partis, organ, sense. 

210. Cantare is used of instrumental as well as of vocal music. 

211. Seleucus must have been some famous singer or musician. 

212. The costume of the citharoedi was the palla (here called 
lacerna) and the syrma. — Aurata, gold-embroidered. 

214. Horns and trumpets were sounded at the beginning and end 
of games and plays. Cf. Serv. ad Verg. v. 113. 

216. Nuntiet horas. There were public water- clocks {clepsydrae), 
as well as sun-dials, at Rome. The wealthy had clocks or dials 
sometimes at their own houses. A slave watches the timekeeper 
(public or private), and reports the hours to his master. 

221. Themison, the name of a celebrated physician before Juve- 
nal's time, is here put for any medical practitioner. Dryden's 
translation of this line, 

"Or how last fall he raised the weekly bills," 

(i. e. the bills of mortality), is noticeable for its use of a term which 
has been alleged to be an Americanism. 

228. The connection of the perfect and present here is perfectly 
natural ; because he has lost his eyes, he is envious of the one-eyed. 
Cf. Verg. Aen. vi. 747 sq. 

Luscis, one-eyed men. 

238. Phialen. An impure woman. — Artificis oris, of an artful 
mouth. 

239. Quod steterat, which had been stationed. — Carcere, the cell. 



232 NOTES. 

240. TJt. even if, (granting) that. C. 204, 2. 
242. Plenae sororibus, full of one's sisters' ashes. 

246. RexPylius. Nestor. 

247. A cornice secundae, next after the crow (in longevity). See 
note on Sat. xiv. 251. 

249. Jam dextra computat annos. I. e. has begun his second cen- 
tury. Men counted up to one hundred on the left hand, then up to 
a thousand on the right, then over a thousand on the left again. 

252. Nimio stamine, the too-long thread of his life. — Acris, 
brave, spirited. 

253. Ardentem. I. e. on the funeral pile. — Ab omni quisquis 
adest socius = ab omni socio quisquis adest. 

256. Haec eadem Peleus, sc. queritur. 

257. Alius. I. e. Laertes. Alius as in i. 10. —Fas, a natural 
right. — Ithacum. I. e. Ulysses. — Natantem. Afloat ; at sea. Cf. 
Propert. iii. 12, 32. The translation "swimming from the wreck" is 
less suitable. 

259. Assaracus was Priam's great-uncle. 

261. Primos edere planctus. Cassandra is the leader of the dirge. 
Cf. II. xxiv. 723 sqq. 

265. Dies, when meaning a space of time, and not a literal day, is 
feminine. Longa dies here has been well translated length of days. 

265 sqq. Cf. Verg. Aen. ii. 506-558, and Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 35, 
85, together with the lines there cited from the Andromache of 

Ennius : 

Haec omnia vidi innamniari, 
Priamo vi vitam evitari, 
Jovis aram sanguine turpari. 

267. Curtius (iii. 3, 19) defines tiara, " regium capitis insigne, quod 
caerulea fascia albo distincta circumibat." 

270. Ab aratro, as fastiditus (" scorned ") attributes feeling and 
mental action to the plough. 

271 sq. Torva canino latravit rictu, barked savagely with the 
jaws of a dog. On Hecuba's metamorphosis into a dog, cf. Eurip. 
Hec. 1265 ; Ov. Met. xiii. 565 sqq. 

272-277. Notice the stabiles spondei, skilfully introduced " ut res 
tardior atque gravior ad aures veniat." 

272. On the tenses here Simcox remarks, " [the Latin implies,] his 
wife, who had survived him, lived to bark. We observe this dis- 
tinction of tenses in telling a neiv story, but not in alluding, as here, 
to an old one." 

273. Regem Ponti. I. e. Mithridates VI., not undeservedly called 



SATIRE X. 233 

by modern historians the Great, who at last, on the successful insur- 
rection of his son Pharnaces, took poison, and when it proved in- 
effectual (cf. xiv. 252, note), compelled one of his Gaulish mercenaries 
to despatch him with his sword! 

274. What is the story of the visit of Solon to Croesus ? (See He- 
rodotus i. 30-32.) 

275. Spatia ultima, the closing scenes. Literally, the last heats. 
The competitors in the chariot-races in the circus had to run seven 
times round the spina, and each course round was called a spatium. 

276-282. Juvenal goes on to speak of C. Marius, to whose conquest 
of the Cimbri and Teutones (Teutonico, verse 282), and triumph, 
we have had allusion in viii. 245 sqq. At this triumph Marius was 
fifty-five. In B. c. 88, when he was in his sixty-ninth year, he was 
obliged to fly from Rome to escape from Sulla, and in his flight tried 
to hide himself in a marsh near Minturnae on the Liris. He was 
caught, and kept in custody for some time, but was allowed to escape 
by sea, and went to Carthage, as Velleius says (ii. 19), inopemque vitam 
in tugurio ruinarum Carthaginiensium toleravit. Plutarch {Ma- 
rius 37-40) has also the story of Marius sitting on the ruins of Car- 
thage, which may be founded on some commonplace in the declam- 
atory exercises of the imperial period. The following year, his 
party having gained temporary success, he returned to Rome, where 
he made a fearful example of his enemies, but died in January B. C. 
86, in his seventh consulship. (Macleane and Long.) 

278. Hinc. I. e. from length of life. 

281. Observe the hiatus after pompa. — Macleane's " his full soul " 
is perhaps the best rendering that can be given of animam opimam. 
(t It seems to involve a reference to the spolia opima, and is partic- 
ularly suited to a conqueror." 

282. Vellet = e^Xiv. When he was on the point of getting down. 
283-286. Provida. Foreseeing what was coming upon him. — 

Cicero enlarges on the same thought in regard to Pompey, in Tusc. 
Disp. i. 35, 86 ; which passage, as well as the one on Priam im- 
mediately preceding, must have been in Juvenal's mind. — His fever 
ought to have been prayed for, to remove him from impending 
calamities ; but many cities prayed that he might recover, and their 
prayers prevailed (vicerunt). — Victo (286), sc. ei. Dative of disad- 
vantage. 

287 sq. Lentulus and Cethegus, fellow-conspirators with Catiline, 
were strangled in prison by the common executioner. Catiline fell 
on the field of battle. 

U2 



234 NOTES. 

289. Majore, louder. 

291. Usque ad delicias votorum, even to the luxury of vows ; even 
to delighting herself in fancying details of loveliness and vowing 
offerings for each charm. Various translations of this phrase have 
been proposed, as even to a foolish fondness in her vows, even to 
fastidiousness in her prayers, even till she dallies with her prayers, 
even to caprice in her vows, even to enticements (of the gods) in her 
vows, etc., etc. — The subject of inquit is not mater, but a supposed 
objector representing the common opinions, some one. 

294. Rutila is any one with a hump on her back. 

295. Suam, sc.faciem. 

298 sq. Horrida, sternly virtuous ; of old-fashioned strictness. Foi 
such morals the Sabines were famed, 

300 sq. Modesto sanguine ferventem, glowing with modest blood; 
i. e. blushing. 

304. Esse viro, to be a man (in the full sense of that great word). 

325. Hippolytus resisted the advances of Phaedra, who was the 
daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and so is called Cressa (327). — 
Grave propositum, his stern resolve. — Bellerophon would not yield 
to the solicitations of Stheneboea (327). Anteia is the name gener- 
ally given, instead of Stheneboea. 

326. Haec. I. e. Phaedra. 

Repulsa (pw Kiasr), when refused. Heinrich, Jahn, and Ribbeck, 
read repulso, after P S? . M. Haupt would read hac for haec, {hac . . . 
repulsa.) Kiser would omit the pronoun altogether, making Sthene- 
boea the subject of erubuit. If repulso is read, it must be taken, as 
Heinrich says, as " an ablative absolute of the participle, = quum 
accidisset repulsa. Cf. Gronov. ad Liv. i. 41. Perizon. ad Sanct. p. 
574 ed. Scheid." 

327 sq. Se concussere. "Aroused themselves to vengeance" is 
the stock translation here. Comparing Verg. Aen. vii. 338 and Ov. 
Met. iii. 726 and iv. 473, we find a better interpretation, were excited 
to madness. So Heinrich, Macleane, Weidner. 

329 sqq. Elige . . . destinat. " Choose what advice should be 
given to him whom Caesar's wife resolves to marry." C. Silius (op- 
timus . . . patriciae) was a handsome youth whom the Empress 
Messalina fell in love with and married publicly during the absence 
from Rome of her husband Claudius. The latter remained ignorant 
of the whole affair till it was revealed to him by his freedman Nar- 
cissus, whereupon Silius and Messalina, with many others, were put 
to death. 



SATIRE X. 235 

334. Tyrius. I. e. covered with purple spreads. — Genialis, se. 
lectus or torus. — In hortis, sc. Luculli. Cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 37. 

335. A dowry will be given after the old custom ; a dowry amount- 
ing to a million sesterces. This seems to have been the usual dowry 
among the upper classes, like £10,000 with the English. Cf. Lips, 
ad Tac. Ann. ii. 86 ; Sen. Consol. ad Helv. 12.— For et Kiser suggests 
the emendation ex, to accord with Juvenal's frequent practice, in a 
sentence of four members, to connect the first two by a conjunction, 
and add the second two without a copula. In this instance the 
change to asyndeton would neatly concur with the change in tense. 

336. The signatores were witnesses to the marriage-contract. — 
The auspices attended at weddings, though the practice of taking 
auspicia had been given up. Val. Max. ii. 1, 1. 

345. " Decapitation and strangling were the common way of exe- 
cuting criminals, except the lowest and slaves, who were crucified." 

347. Permittes, you iviil leave it. Cf. Hor. Carm. i. 9, 9 : per- 
mitte divis cetera. 

354. Ut tamen et poscas aliquid, if, however, you must e y en ask 
for something. Et is used for emphasis, as the Greeks sometimes 
Kai. — Another translation is possible : That, however, you may e'en 
ask for something, and make your little offering to the gods, pray 
etc. With the ancients, prayer was inseparable from offering. — Sa- 
cellis "means the chapel in every man's house, in which were 
images of the Lares, to whom the offering of a pig was common 
(Hor. Carm. iii. 23, 4)." 

355. Divina, dear to the gods. — Tomacula (rinvw), cut pieces of 
flesh, to be burnt on the altar. Conington (on Pers. ii. 30) remarks 
that the details in this line are mentioned contemptuously, and com- 
pares xiii. 117 sq. 

358. Inter munera naturae. " And counts it nature's privilege to 
die." (Dryden.) Weidner, very differently, translating spatium vitae 
extremum " the farthest bounds of life," considers the especially kind 
gift of nature to be length of days. 

362. Pluma. Beds of down. 

365. Habes. So most MSS. and recent editors; but P has *abest, 
and the line is quoted with abest by Lactantius. Hermann and 
Maclean e read abest. I have modified Macleane's Argument (p. 221) 
to bring out the true meaning. — Numen, as often, is divine power. — 
Prudentia is moral prudence ; involving forethought. 

363-366 : " Man is his own star, and the soul that can 
Render an honest and a perfect man 
Commands all light, all influence, all fate." — John Fletcher. 



SATIRE XL 



ARGUMENT. 

1-20. If Atticus lives well, he 's reckoned generous ; if Rutilus, a 
madman. All men laugh to see a pauper epicure, and so all talk of 
Rutilus. He 's young and stout enough for the wars, and yet, he is 
impelled (the prince consenting) to train for the arena. There's 
many a man who lives but for his palate, for whom his creditor looks 
out at the entrance of the market. The poorest live the best, just 
on the verge of bankruptcy. Meanwhile they search the elements 
for dainties, regardless of the price, or in their hearts preferring 
what is dearest. For men so reckless it is not hard to get the money. 
They '11 sell their dishes or their mother's image, to season for four 
hundred sesterces a glutton's crockery. 'Tis thus they come to 
gladiator's fare. 

21-55. That, then, which riches make respectable is wanton lux- 
ury in the poor. The man of learning who knows not the difference 
between a cash chest and a little purse, I do well to despise. That 
rule came down from heaven, "Know thyself." Remember it 
when you think of marrying or entering the Senate (Thersites did 
not seek Achilles' armor in which Ulysses made a doubtful figure) ; 
or if you aim at pleading some great cause, think who you are, 
whether a mighty speaker or mere mouther. In great things or in 
small, a man should know his own measure. Buy not a mullet if 
your purse will go no further than a gudgeon. What can you come 
to, if your appetite grows larger as your purse grows emptier ; when 
all you have is buried in your belly ? The ring goes last, and Pollio 
with bare finger begs. Wantonness fears not early death, but age 
much worse than death. The steps are these. Money is borrowed 
first, and spent at Rome; but when the usurer begins to trouble 
them, then off they go to Baiae and the oysters. To run away from 
the forum is no worse than from Subura to migrate to Esquiliae : they 
only care that they must lose the games : they never think of blush- 
ing : Modesty is laughed at as she flies the town, and few men care 
to stay her. 

56-129. To-day, my friend, you '11 see whether I practise the fine 
things I preach, or praise plain fare but call for rich. You '11 find 
in me Evander as the host, you shall be Hercules or Aeneas. Now 

236 



SATIRE XI. 237 

listen to your dinner. A young kid from my farm, and wild herbs 
gathered' by my gardener's wife ; fresh eggs warm in the nest, and 
hens that laid them ; grapes fresh as when plucked ; the finest pears 
and apples, the crude juice dried from out them. Such was the dinner 
of our senators when first they grew luxurious. The herbs he gathered 
in his little garden, such as a ditcher now turns up his nose at, Curius 
would boil with his own hand. The flitch hung up to dry in former 
times they kept for holidays, and lard for birthdays for their blood re- 
lations, and part of the victim's meat. The great man who had thrice 
been consul, dictator too, went to such feasts stalking along with spade 
upon his shoulder. In the strict Censor's days no one would ask what 
sort of turtles might be found in the sea, to ornament the rich man's 
couch : they were content with a rude ass's head. Their food and 
house and furniture were plain alike. Unskilled in art, the cups 
they got for plunder the soldiers broke to ornament their harness or 
their helmets. The only silver that they had adorned their arms. 
Their homely fare was served in earthen- ware. If you're inclined 
to envy, you might envy those good times. The gods were nearer 
unto men ; they warned the city of the Gauls' approach, such care 
for Rome had Jupiter when made of clay. The tables then were made 
of home-grown wood. But now the richest viands have no flavor 
except on a round table with a carved ivory stem ; a silver one to 
rich men is rude as an iron ring upon the finger. 

129-182. I '11 have no guest, then, who despises poverty. I have 
not an ounce of ivory in all my house; the very handles of my 
knives are bone; and yet they do not spoil the meat, or cut the 
worse for that. And I've no carver taught by first-rate artist, who 
teaches them to cut up all fine dishes. My man 's a novice too, and 
cannot filch except in a small way, a chop or so. I 've only a rough 
boy in woollen clothes to offer you my vulgar herbs, no eastern 
bought for a vast price from dealers. Whatever you may ask for 
ask in Latin. They all are dressed alike, their hair cropped straight, 
combed out to-day in honor of my guest ; boys from the farm, modest 
as those should be who wear the purple. One shall bring you wine 
grown on his native hills. And for our sports, we'll read what 
Homer wrote and his peer Virgil. It matters not what voice recites 
such verses. 

183-208. But come, put care away and take a rest. We '11 have 
no word of debts or jealous thoughts; before my door you must put 
off all this, home and its troubles, slaves and their breakages, and, 
worse than all, the ingratitude of friends. The great Idaean games 
are going on. The praetor, victim of his horses, sits as a conqueror 
in triumph ; all Rome (the multitude must pardon me) has poured 
into the Circus, and by that shout I know that Green has won the 
day. For had it not, you might have seen the city all in mourning as on 
that day of Cannae. Let boys go look at games, boys who can shout 
and bet and sit by girls they love. Let my shrunk skin drink in 
the sun, and put the toga off. To-day, an hour ere noon, you may go 
to bathe : you must not do so every day of the six, for even such a 
life as that would pall. Pleasures are sweeter for unfrequent use. — 
Macleane, with modifications. 



238 NOTES, 

1-3. Atticus is used here for any rich man, and Rutilus for one 
who has beggared himself. T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of 
Cicero, was very wealthy, and his name may have become proverbial. 
Apicius was a noted gourmand. Pauper Apicius, a poor Apicius. — 
Eximie = prae aliis. 

4. Convictus = convivium. Omnis convictus, every dinner-table. 

— " Around the thermae, or public baths, there were promenades 
and spaces, called scholae, where people were in the habit of sitting, 
walking about, and gossiping." — Statio, in post- Augustan use, is 
any place of public resort. 

5. De Rutilo, sc. loquuntur. — Juvenalis implies validus ; juveni- 
lis is allied to Uv is and temerarius. 

6. Galeae, sc. ferendae. — Ardent. So Jahn, Ribbeck, Hermann, 
on the conjecture of C. Barth and others. Most MSS. ardens ; two 
give ardent i and one ardentis. Weidner ardet, after Guietus. 

7. The tribunus plebis appears to have had some kind of judicial 
authority, a cognitio extraordinaria, under the empire. The tribune 
here is the emperor himself. — Prohibente = intercedente, interfac- 
ing to stop it. 

8. To sign the bond and take the oath, such as a tyrant imposes, 
of the trainer of gladiators. — Verba scribere suggests verba praeire. 
Upon entering the service, the gladiators swore uri, vinciri, verberari, 
ferroque necari, and to suffer whatever else the trainer commanded, 

— truly regia verba, from the mouth of the trainer who imposes them 
as the oath. — Many commentators understand scribere here simply 
of writing out the rules etc., in order to learn them by heart. 

12. Egregius. An unusual comparative form, from the adverb 
egregie. — Egregius meliusque, sc. ceteris. Or, as Heinrich says, 
the sense is : quo quisque horum miserior est et citius casurus, eo me- 
lius cenat. 

13. Casurus. I. e. about to become bankrupt. — Perlueente ruina. 
A metaphor from the daylight shining through the cracks in a 
ruined house. 

14. Interea. I. e. before the final crash. — Gustus, dainties; not 
necessarily the relishes eaten at the promulsis, or preliminary course, 
to whet the appetite. (Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 7 sqq.) They were sought 
elementa per omnia, from water, air, and earth, fish, fowl, and vege- 
tables. 

15. Animo, their fancy. 

17. Perituram arcessere summam, " to fetch the money which 
they are bent on throwing away." 



SATIRE XI. 239 

18. By pawning their plate, or the broken statue of a mother. — 
Imagine, a silver statuette or bust. 

19. Nummis. Sesterces {not sestertia). — Condire gulosum fictile, 
to season a savory dish on earthen-ware ; i. e. to compound some rich 
and luxurious viand, which he has to serve up in earthen-ware, as 
all his silver is pawned. 

20. Sic, i. e. by such extravagance. —Ad miscellanea ludi, to the 
hodge-podge served in the gladiatorial school. 

21. Ergo, as I said ; (going back to verse 1.) — Nam, in every 
other case in Juvenal, is found at the beginning of the sentence ; 
similar inversions of nam are found in Catullus, Virgil, and Horace. 

22. Ventidius is put here for any man of wealth. — Kiser puts a 
semicolon after nomen, and finds the subject of sumit and trahit (23) 
implied in quis haec eadem paret (21). 

25 sq. Hie tamen idem ignoret = si tamen idem ignoret. 

26. Ferrata area. Cf. i. 90, note. 

31. Se transducebat, made but a sorry figure ; exposed himself to 
ridicule. 

34. Two windbags are mentioned. On Matho, cf. i. 32 ; vii. 129. 

38. Crumina (crumena). So the best editors, except Jahn, who has 
culina, after two French MSS. and a doubtful reading in P. 

41. Argentum grave is heavy plate; massive articles of solid 
silver. 

42. Exire a domino is allied to the juristic expression on inscrip- 
tions and in the digests, exire de nomine familiae, as said e. g. of a 
sepulchral monument, peto non fundus de familia exeat, or ut fun- 
dus de nomine vestro numquam exeat, etc. On exire with a cf. Cic. 
Verr. ii. 60 : ad istum non modo illos nummos, qui per simulationem 
ab isto exierant, revertisse, etc. (Weidner.) 

43. Anulus. The badge of equestrian or senatorial rank. 

44. Acerbum, untimely ; from its meaning, unripe. 

45. Luxuriae. The so called "dative of the agent." — Kieer would 
place lines 42 and 43 after lines 44 and 45 ; and I agree with him. 

47. Dominis. I. e. the money-lenders. 

49. Qui vertere solum, they who have made off; literally, they 
who have shifted their quarters. 

50. Cedere foro, " to abscond from 'change," or to become bank- 
rupt. 

Deterius, more disgraceful ; more discreditable. 

51. Ferventi, bustling, noisy ; the Esquiline was quiet. Some 
translate ferventi here hot ; the Esquiline was cool and healthy, 



240 NOTES. 

53. Anno uno. The ablative of duration of time is very rare in the 
golden age, but more frequent afterwards. 

54. Sanguinis non gutta, no flush of shame, no blush from a 
sense of honor. — Haeret, remains. — Morantur, seek to detain. 

55. Et fugientem. So Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeck, Weidner, after 
gs Priscian. Other readings are effugientem (Pw), fugientem ($). 

57. Persicus is some unknown friend of the poet's. — Vita vel 
moribus et re, in my life, that is my character and actions. Vel, or 
if you please to say, offers a choice of expressions. Jahn and Rib- 
beck give nee {adgs), but vel (pw. In P the word is erased) is better. 

58. Si. So Jahn, Ribbeck, Weidner, after S and one MS. Pu>, 
sed, and so Hermann. 

59. Puero = servo. — Dictare for imperare belongs to the later 
Latin. 

60 sqq. Habebis Euandrum. You shall have in me a host as sim- 
ple and frugal as Evander. — Tyrinthius. Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 362 
sq. — Minor .... caelum. The reference is to Aeneas, the son of a 
goddess, though inferior to Hercules. Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 102 sqq. 

63. Aeneas, according to one legend, was drowned in the Numi- 
cius ; Hercules was burned on Mount Oeta. 

64. Nullis ornata macellis, furnished by no markets. 

65. It would appear from this that Juvenal had an estate near 
Tibur. 

69. Asparagi. Cf. v. 82. The term includes several herbs besides 
the one we know by that name. 

70. Torto calentia foeno. The eggs were wrapped up warm in the 
hay in which they were laid. 

72. Parte anni. About half a year, as (according to verse 193) the 
dinner is given in April. The ablative resembles anno uno (53). 

73 sq. The Syrian pear, a kind of bergamot, is placed by Pliny 
next to the Crustumian, which he calls best of all. The pears from 
Signia (inLatium) were of a reddish color, and thought particularly 
wholesome (Cels. ii. 24). The apples of Picenum were celebrated; 
cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 3, 272; ii. 4, 70. 

75 sq. Siccatum .... succi, now that they have put away their 
autumn (crudeness), dried out by the frost, and the perils of their 
unripe juice. 

77. Jam luxuriosa, when it had grown to be luxurious; even a 
luxurious (dinner). 

78. M. Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of Pyrrhus, often served 
the Roman poets as a pattern of the good old times. 



SATIRE XI. 241 

80. The fossor here is a fettered slave from the ergastulum (see 
viii. 180, note), set to work in the fields. 

81. Vulva. The matrix of a pregnant sow was regarded as a great 
luxury. 

82. Kara pendentia crate, hanging from the wide-barred frame 
among the rafters. 

85, All but the legs and entrails of a victim were eaten. 

88. Soli to maturius, earlier than his wont. 

89. Domito a monte, from the hill where he had been digging. 
Domare is used of subduing the earth by ploughing, digging, etc. 

90-91. Autem, moreover. — The proper names represent censors of 
the old time. — Postremo. So P, and Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeek, 
Weidner. The MSS. other than P, rigidique. 

92. The allusion is to C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator, 
colleagues in the censorship B. c. 204. For the story, see Liv. xxix. 
37 and Val. Max. ii. 9, 6. — Kiser would place a period at the end 
of this verse, and a comma at the end of verse 89. 

95. Fulcrum, couch-foot. 

96 sq. Nudo . . . aselli, on small couches with bare sides a front of 
bronze displayed the rude head of a little donkey crowned with a 
garland. 

98. Ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni, by which (i. e. near 
which) the sportive sons of the country (i. e. the farmers, the rustics) 
made merry. Though the furniture was rude and the fare simple, 
the rural guests amused themselves and were happy. — Kiser has ex- 
ploded the old notion that the allusion here is to boys' " poking fun " 
at the head of the donkey. 

101. In parte. I. e. in his share. 

103. Ut, etc. He broke them up in order to make trappings for his 
horse, and an embossed helmet for himself. 

104 sq. Ferae, i. e. the she- wolf. — The twin Quirini are Romu- 
lus and Remus. Compare the name Castores applied to Castor and 
Pollux. — Sub rupe. Like Virgil's in antro (Aen. viii. 630). 

106 sq. Venientis dei. Mars coming to visit the twins. — Penden- 
tis. Hanging in the air, (not yet having alighted.) 

108. Tusco. I. e. of earthen- ware, which Etruria produced in great 
quantity. 

Ill sq. Vox. Livy (v. 32) and Cicero (de Divin. i. 45; ii. 32) tell 
the story of one who heard a voice louder than that of man in the dead 
of night, near the temple of Vesta, ordering him to report to the magis- 
trates that the Gauls were coming (about B. c. 390). — Audita, sc. est. 
16 — Juv. V 



242 NOTES. 

114. His. I. e. hac voce et hujusmodi signis. 
116. The earthen-ware images of the gods came from Etruria. — 
Violatus, wronged; as if it were an insult to gild him. Cf. iii. 20. 

121. Dama, the gazelle. 

122. Orbes. Round tables, of costly material, supported by a single 
foot. Cf. i. 137. 

123. The ivory table-leg is carved in the form of a leopard ram- 
pant. 

124. Porta. Either gate, because the traffic of Aethiopia passed 
through Syene, a frontier town, or pass, because the valley of the 
Nile is greatly narrowed below Syene. 

125. Obscurior, darker, " of duskier hue." 

127. The elephant changes its tusks only once in its life ; and not 
then, as Juvenal says, because they have grown " too large and bur- 
densome for his head." 

131. Adeo nulla, etc. " I have actually not an ounce of ivory." 

132. Nee, not even. — Tessellae, dice, of six sides. — Calculus. A 
counter used in a game resembling draughts. 

136. Structor. Cf. v. 120, note. 

137. Pergula, (carving-) school. — Aput quern, at whose house. 

138. Sumine. The breast of a sow, before she had been suckled, 
was a great delicacy with the Romans. — " The boar was commonly 
the chief dish (caput cenae) of a large dinner, and served whole." 

139. Sythicae volucres. I. e. pheasants, Phasianae aves. 

140 sq. Oryx. An African wild-goat, with one horn. (Plin. H. N. 
viii. 53.) — Lautissima ulmea cena, " a most dainty supper made of 
elm." Wooden models were used in the carving-schools to practise 
upon,, the parts being slightly fastened together, so that they could 
be separated with a blunt knife. The clatter the pupils made with 
them, says Juvenal, resounded over the whole Subura, — in which 
quarter of the city we must place Trypherus's school. 

142-144. Afrae avis. The guinea-fowl.— Noster, sc. puer. "My 
young attendant, a mere novice, has not the chance of making off 
with the remains of costly delicacies. He knows nothing of the 
dainties served up at great houses and the ways of the servants there. 
At most, his peccadilloes consist in clearing off some scraps of 
steaks or chops." — Rudis omni tempore, " untutored all his days." 
— Et, and (only). 

146. A frigore tutus. Warmly, but coarsely clothed ; not rustling 
in silks, like a dainty page in a great house. 

148. Magno, sc. pretio. — Latine. He does not know Greek. 



SATIRE XI. 243 

155. Quos ardens purpura vestit. Those who wear the toga prae- 
texta, — (boys born of free parents.) 

180 sq. Cantare = recitare. A reader (avayvwTris) was employed 
at refined entertainments. — Dubiam palmam. The comparative 
merits of Homer and Virgil were much discussed at Rome. 

182. Such poetry commends itself, even if poorly read. 

193. At the festival of the Magna Mater, the Idsean Mother, which 
v7"as held in April, there were ludi cir censes as well as ludi scaenici. 
The praetor gave the signal for the beginning of the chariot-races 
by dropping a napkin. 

194. Colunt, sc. cives. — Similis triumpho. The praetor went to 
these games in procession and presided in state, as at the Ludi Cir- 
censes (x. 36, note). 

195. Praeda caballorum. The caballi are the horses, now worn out, 
that have won the race. The praetor is a prey to them, or their vic- 
tim, because he had to provide from his own means the sum needed 
for the prizes in addition to the sum furnished by the state. — Pace, 
by the leave. 

198. Viridis panni. Cf. vii. 114, note. 

200. Livy (xxii. 43, 46) says that at the battle of Cannae a wind 
arose, blowing the dust in the face of the Romans and blinding them. 
202. Cultae, well-dressed. 

204. At the games spectators were obliged to wear the toga, the 
dress-coat of the Romans. 

205. You may go to the bath at 11 o'clock. The usual hour was 
from 2 to 3. — Salva fronte, without shame. Frons as the seat of 
modesty. 




SATIRE XIII. 



ARGUMENT. 



1-22. Bad acts displease the doers. Conscience convicts them 
though the praetor's urn be false. All your friends feel with you ; 
you are not so poor that you should sink with such a loss ; besides, 
the case is common, one out of fortune's heap. Put off excessive 
grief; the sorrow of a man should not blaze up too high, the pain 
should not be greater than the wound. A trifle, a mere scrap of ill 
you scarce can bear, and all your entrails burn because a friend will 
not give up a deposit : and you a man of sixty ! Has not experi- 
ence taught you ? Wisdom is great, mistress of fortune : those we 
count happy, too, whom life has taught to bear the yoke of life. 

23-33, No day so holy but it puts forth thieves and liars. The 
good are rare, not more in number than gates of Thebes or mouths 
of Nile. We live in the ninth age, an age so bad no metal is so base 
that it should give it name. And yet we call upon the faith of gods 
and men, as loudly as the clients of Faesidius when he pleads ! 

33-70. Say, art thou in thy second childhood, that thou knowest 
not the charms of other people's money, or how they laugh at thy 
simplicity in expecting that any man should not forswear himself or 
should think that fanes and altars have their gods? The natives in 
the golden age thought so, before the skies were filled so full of gods 
and hell so full of victims. Then was dishonesty a prodigy. 'T was 
a great crime if youth rose not to age, yea children to their seniors 
by four years. But now, if friends should not deny a trust but pay 
it back entire, it is more wonderful than all the prodigies that ever 
were ; an honest man is a lusus naturae. 

71-85. Complain that you've been impiously cheated of ten ses- 
tertia! What if I tell of one who 's lost two hundred, and another 
more than he can cram into his chest? 'Tis easy to despise the 
witness of the gods, if human there be none. See with what voice 
and face the man denies it. He swears by all the gods and goddesses, 
their bows, spears, tridents, all the armory of heaven : yea, he will 
offer to boil his son and eat him pickled, if he be a father. 

86-119. Some say ' chance governs all things, nature rules the 
world,' and so they fearless go to any altar. Others believe in gods 
and punishments, but argue thus : " Let them do with my body what 

244 



SATIRE XIII. 245 

they will, and strike me blind, so that I keep my gains. We may 
bear all for that. Let even a Ladas not hesitate, if he be poor, to 
pray for the rich man's gout, unless he be insane. The racer's 
barren crown, what does he get by that ? The gods may punish, 
but they punish slow : my turn will not be yet ; besides, it may be 
they will pardon me; the fault is venial. It's all a chance, one 
gains a cross by his crimes and one a crown," 'T is thus they quiet 
conscience, put a bold face upon it, go to the altar of their own accord, 
abuse or beat you for mistrusting them, and get believed for their 
audacity. And so they act their farce, while you cry out with voice 
like Stentor or like Mars, " Jove, hearest thou in silence ? Why do 
we bring thee sacrifice and incense ? As far as I can see, your images 
are no better than the statues of Vagellius." 

120-161. Now take such comfort as you may from one unread in 
all philosophy. Patients in danger may consult great doctors, do 
you submit to an humbler. If you can prove there never was a crime 
so bad in all the world, I hold my peace, mourn as you will ; I know 
the loss of money is greater grief than loss of kindred ; in its case 
mourning is not feigned, the tears are real. But if it 's everywhere 
the same that men deny their hand and seal, are you, fine gentleman, 
to be excepted ? How do you make yourself th e chick of a fine bird 
and us the produce of an humble nest ? It 's but a small thing after 
all if you compare it with the greater crimes, the hired assassin, the 
incendiary, the sacrilegious robber who plunders temples, or the 
petty thief who scrapes the gold from statues ; the poisoner, the par- 
ricide. How small a part is this of all the crimes the praefect listens 
to from morn till night ! His court alone will teach you what men 
are. Spend a few days there, and talk about your misery if you dare. 
162-173. None wonder at swelled throats in the Alps, or blue eyes 
and curly hair in Germany, because the people are all the same. So 
no one in the land of the pygmies laughs at their battles with the 
cranes, though they are only a foot high. 

174-192. " But must not perjury and fraud be punished ? " Sup- 
pose him carried off and put to death, your loss is still the same, and 
all you get is odium and a drop of blood shed from a headless corpse. 
" Oh ! but revenge is pleasanter than life." This is fool's language, 
who flare up for nothing, Chrysippus, Thales, would not say so, nor 
Socrates, who would not share his cup of poison with his enemy. 
Philosophy corrects our faults of nature and of practice : she first 
taught us right from wrong, for only little minds care for revenge, as 
you may see from women's love of it. 

192-235. But why think they escape, whom conscience whips? 
Their punishment is worse than any down in hell, who night and 
day carry their witness with them. The Spartan once tempted the 
oracle and got his answer, which the event established, for he and 
all his house, though old, have perished. Such was the penalty of 
even a bad desire. For he who thinks to do an evil deed incurs the 
guilt, as if he'd done the deed. What if the man has carried out his 
purpose ? Ceaseless anxiety haunts him at meals, parched mouth, 
contracted brow ; bad dreams, through which the altars he has sworn 
by pass, and your tall ghost, most terrible of all, that drives him to 
confession. 'T is these who tremble at the storm and think each bolt 

V2 



246 NOTES. 

a messenger of wrath. If one storm passes, then they fear the next, 
and tremble at the calm that goes before it. Every disease they 
count a stone or dart from heaven. They dare not sacrifice in sick- 
ness ; what can the guilty hope for ? What victim is not worthier to 
live than they ? 236-249. The wicked commonly are changeable ; 
they are firm enough while they're engaged in crime; when it is 
done, they learn the difference between right and wrong. Yet nature 
will go back to its old ways. Who ever puts a limit to his guilt ? 
Who ever got back modesty once lost? Who is contented with a 
single crime? He will be caught some day and pay for it by death 
or banishment. You shall be happy in the sufferings of him you 
hate, and shall confess at last the gods are neither deaf nor blind. 
Macleane, with modifications. 



1. Exemplo male Ablative of quality, used predicatively : quod- 
cumque ita committitur ut malo sit exemplo. Cf. Nag. StiL ? 9, 1. 

3. Absolvo was the legal word for acquittal. Three tablets were 
given each judex, on one of which was written A (= absolvo), on 
another C (— condemno), and on a third N. L. (= non liquet, " not 
proven "). — Racine expresses the same sentiment as Juvenal : 

"De ses remords secrets triste et lente victime, 
Jamais un criminel ne s'absout de son crime." 

4. In criminal trials a praetor usually presided. Urna is either 
the urn into which the names of the judices, who were to be im- 
pannelled, were placed, or that into which the judices threw their 
votes. Either could be called the praetor's urn, inasmuch as he drew 
the lots in the first place and counted the votes in the second; and 
in the performance of either of these duties he might betray his 
trust. 

5. Juvenal writes this satire to a friend of his, whom he calls Cal- 
vinus, who is in a state of great excitement about a fraud practised 
upon him by a man to whom he had given in trust a sum of money, 
and who had denied the trust on oath. 

6. Sed, and besides. 

13. Quamvis levium, li be they as light as they will." 
17. There was a C. Fonteius Capito who was consul A. D. 59 with 
C. Vipsanius Apronianus. There was another consul Fonteius Ca- 
pito A. D. 67 ; and as he is named first of the two consuls of his year, 
and it was the custom to use the name of the first of the consuls 
in designating dates, many scholars think that he is the one here 



SATIRE XIII. 247 

referred to. This supposition brings the date of this satire as far down 
as A. d. 127. 

20. Sapientia, philosophy. 

22. Jactare jugum. The opposite of Horace's ferre jitgum. 

25. Puxide = pyxide. Here for poison; the container for the 
thing contained. 

27. Bseotian Thebes had seven gates, the Nile seven mouths. 

28. I read nona, with most of the MSS., as do Hermann, Mayor, 
and Macleane. P has nunc, which Jahn, Ribbeck, and Weidner 
adopt. The division of the ages of the world into the golden, silver, 
bronze, and iron is well known. Juvenal says we have got down in 
the descending scale as far as the ninth age, for which nature her- 
self has found no name nor any metal base enough to designate it. 
Ninth may be simply a humorous taking of a low number, or may 
involve an allusion to the Etruscan notion of ten ages, in which the 
last but one indicates the lowest degradation before the restoration 
of primitive innocence in the tenth. 

31. Clamore, sc. tanto. 

32 sq. Faesidius is an advocate, whose clientes, bribed by the spor- 
tula, come into court and applaud him loudly. Vocalis sportula is 
bold metonymy for the partakers of the dole : Heinrich translates, 
die briillenden Converts ; Weidner, die briillende Tisch. 

33. Senior. This comparative has a diminutive force, and is used 
familiarly or kindly. 

37. Rubenti. Red with the blood of victims. 

40. Fugiens, as an exile. When Saturn was deposed by Jupi- 
ter, he went to Italy and engaged in tilling the earth. 

41. Privatus adhuc, " not yet a public character." 

43. Puer Iliacus. Ganymede. — Formonsa (formosa) Herculis 
uxor. Hebe. 

44 sq. Et is awkward after nee, but it serves to connect Herculis 
uxor and Vulcanus closely together, making one picture of the two 
well-contrasted personages. " He comes in reeking from his work. 
She is at her task on Olympus, and hands him a cup to refresh him, 
which he first drains and then wipes off the sweat" and soot "from 
his black arms." 

Liparaea nigra taberna, sooty from his forge on Lipara. 

46. Sibi, by himself. Literally, for himself. 

47. Talis ut = tanta, quanta. 

48. Atlanta. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 482. 

49. Profundi. I. e. the sea. Some refer it to Hades, to which they 



248 NOTES. 

think the epithet triste is more appropriate. But the Romans, as 
Macleane says, had a great dread of the sea. 

50. Pluto carried off his wife Proserpina from Sicily. 

51. Reference is made to Ixion, Sisyphus, and Tityos. 

54. Quo. So P, Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeck. Other readings, hoc (?) 
Macleane, and quod (pw). 

55. " Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head and honor the face 
of an old man." 

57. Greater wealth is implied by larger stores of food. The wild 
strawberries and acorns indicate the simplicity of the times. 

59. The order of the words in this verse is noticeable, — the first, 
third, and fifth go together, and the second, fourth, and sixth. So 
fully was the first down held equal with sacred old age. 

62. Tuscis libellis. I. e. the books of the Etrurian soothsayers, in 
which, among other things connected with religion, various wonder- 
ful portents were set down, and rules of procuratio. 

63. Coronata, garlanded for sacrifice. — Lustrari = procurari. 

64-70. Livy (xli. 26) speaks of a two-headed boy as a prodigy au- 
guring evil. — Miranti. The plough is personified. (Jahn, Her- 
mann, and Ribbeck read mirandis, with P.) — Theophrastus, Pliny, 
and Livy (xlii. 2), mention the digging up of sea-fish in the land. — 
Fetae, with foal. (Liv. xxxvii, 3 ; Spallanzi Mem. sopra i Muli, 
Modena, 1768, p. 8.) — Uva, a cluster. (Liv. xxi. 46; xxiv. 10; 
xxvii. 23. Plin. JV. H. xi. 18, 55; Tac. Ann. xii. 64.) — Amnis. I. e. 
the Tiber. — Miris — prodigiosis, unnatural. Cf. Hor. Epod, xvi. 31. 

73. Arcana. Given as a trust in secret : deposited, with the gods 
only as witnesses. 

78. Tarpeia. I. e. of Jupiter Capitolinus. 

79. Cirraei vatis. I. e. Apollo. Cirrha is near Delphi. Cf. vii. 64. 

80. Venatricis puellae. Diana. 

83. There is no need of inserting et at the end of the preceding 
verse, with Heinrich and Hermann. After two or more clauses con- 
nected by conjunctions, a third or last may be added without a con- 
junction, when, as here, it sums up everything in the genus to which 
the things spoken of in the preceding clauses belong, and thus com- 
prehends them also. 

84 sq. He says he will boil his son and eat his poor head, first 
dipping it in Egyptian vinegar (which was very strong), if he is not 
speaking the truth. 

89. Tangere aliquid = to swear on something. Cf. Liv. xxi. 1 : 
tactis sacris jure jurando adactum se. 



SATIRE XIII. 249 

91. Et, and yet. — Secum, sc. cogitat. 

94. Quos abnego, which I deny having received, 

95. Vomicae, abscesses. — Dimidium crus, a broken leg (cf. viii. 4 ; 
xv. 5, 57). According to Lewis, a ivithered leg (reduced to half its 
natural size). 

96. Sunt tanti, are worth bearing for their sake, i. e. for the sake 
of the moneys (94) ; are not too great a price to pay. Cf. Cic. in 
Cat. i. 9; ii. 7. Madvig {Opusc. ii. 187-194) has given a masterly 
exposition of the various significations of the phrase est tanti. 

Locupletem. I. e. cum divitiis conjunctam. 

97-99. Ladas was the name of two celebrated victors in foot-races 
at the Olympic games, which were held on the plain of Olympia, 
near Pisa in Elis. The prize was a wreath of olive ; the olive-branch 
of victory is called hungry because it bore no fruit, and was a mere 
worthless symbol. Anticyra, in Phocis, was the chief place whence 
hellebore was procured, the supposed remedy for insanity. Archi- 
genes was a well-known physician. The last e is long, as in the 
Greek name. Juvenal introduces Greek proper names rather fre- 
quently. On Ladas's speed there is an epigram in the Anthology 
(N. 312) : 

AdSa$ to ordSiov u$ y rjXaro efrs Siinrrj, 
8ain6vtov to rd^og ovdt <ppdaai Swcltov, 

99. Praestat, brings in. 

100. "And after all, though the wrath of the gods be great, assured- 
ly it is slow." — TJt, grant that. — 100 sqq. " Because sentence against 
an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons 
of men is fully set in them to do evil." For tamen certe we should 
have in good prose simply tamen or certe, or at . . . certe. 

102. Sed, besides. 

107. Confirmat. So Jahn and Eibbeck, with S?. Macleane and 
Kiser confirmant (Pw). Hermann confirmans, without MS. author- 
ity. Kiser makes culpae the subject of confirmant. 

108. Trahere, sc. te. — Vexare, to hustle. 

109. Superest, with the dative, " belongs in abundance to." Or as 
others, from a popular misuse of this word to which Gellius (i. 22) 
and Suetonius (Aug. 56) allude, we may translate it, " appears as 
the advocate of." 

110 sq. " ; T is as good as a play." He is acting just such a farce 
as the runaway slave in witty Catullus (or Catulus, a celebrated 
mime writer in the reigns of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero). 



250 NOTES. 

112 sq. Stentor was a Greek herald (Horn. 11. v. 785 sq.) whose 
shout was as loud as that of fifty other men together. Ares (Gra- 
divus), when wounded by Diomed, roared as loudly as ten thousand 
men (Horn. II. v. 859 sq.). 

116 sqq. Carbone. I. e. altar-fire. — Charta soluta, from the opened 
paper (i. e. wrapper). — There is a slight tone of sarcastic deprecia- 
tion in Juvenal's reference to the sacrifice here, as in x. 354 sq. 

119. Vagellius. Some unknown man, of whom the scholiast says, 
" stultissimus accepit statuary'' The same name occurs xvi. 23. 

120. Ferre, to offer. 

121. Et qui, even one who. Ribbeck, is qui. 

122. The Cynics wore no tunic under their pallium. 

123. Suspicit (looks from under at, looks up to), admires. — Epi- 
curus, according to Pliny (H. N. xix. 4), was the first to plant a 
garden at Athens. In this garden he taught. 

124. Dubii, in a critical state. — Notice the absence of the prepo- 
sition a from medicis. Cf. i. 13, note. 

125. Philippus may be, as most of the commentators say, some 
obscure practitioner; but the name is that of the celebrated physi- 
cian of Alexander the Great, who certainly belonged to the medici 
majores. The emphasis is on discipulo, even to a raw apprentice. 

129. Claudenda est janua, as in the case of a death in the house; 
for the loss of money is something still more dreadful! 

132 sq. " He is not content to tear only the top of his tunic instead 
of rending it from top to bottom, and to torment his eyes with forced 
tears (crocodile's tears)." 

135. Cuncta fora, all the courts. There were several fora at Rome 
at this time ; but the three in which the most legal business was 
done were the Forum Romanum, Forum Julium, and Forum Au- 
gusti. 

136 sqq. If, when the bond has been read over ten times on the 
opposite side, they whom their own handwriting and seal convict, 
declare their note of hand to be void and the tablets worthless. — 
Diversa parte, i. e. by the advocates of the other party (the creditors). 
So Madvig. Others, on both sides ; both parties pass the document 
back and forth, and the debtor pretends to examine the document 
honestly, to see if it is genuine. Macleane, " in various places, i. e. 
in all the fora, ,, connecting the words with the main assertion dicunt, 
etc. — Ligni, the waxed tablets of thin deal on which they wrote. 

138, 139. The seal used by the man who denies his bond is carved 
on the choicest of sardonyxes, kept in an ivory purse. Pliny {H. N. 



SATIRE XIII. 251 

xxxvii. 6) says that the sardonyx was the principal gem employed 
for seals. 

140. Ten* = te-ne. — delicias, my sweet sir. 

141. Gallinae filius albae == feliciter natus, white being the lucky 
color. So the French proverb, lefils de la poule blanche. 

144. Si flectas, if you HI turn. The subjunctive suggests a prior 
clause like this : as you J ll see. 

147, 149. Vetus is used of what has been in existence for a long 
time ; antiquus of what existed in old time. 

148. Adorandae robiginis. I. e. of venerable antiquity. 
150-152. Exstat, there starts up. — Qui radat. Subjunctive of the 

purpose. — Bratteolam = bracteolam. 

153. I have adopted Mayor's emendation, solitumst (solitum est), 
which makes sense of a passage which commentators have considered 
as hopeless. It is a common custom to melt down a whole statue of 
the Thunderer (i. e. Jove). The common reading is solitus, with 
either no pause after dubitet, or nothing but a comma. 

154. Mercatorem, the purchaser. 

155 sq. " The man who should be launched into the sea in a bull's 
hide," is a parricide. Cf. viii. 213 sq., note. . 
157. Haec quota pars, how small a part is this f Cf. iii. 61, note. 

— Custos urbis = praefectus urbi, an officer who at this time held 
almost the whole criminal jurisdiction of the city (Tac. Ann. vi. 10- 
11). C. Rutilius Gallicus was praefectus urbi in the reign of Domi- 
tian, and his name may be used for that of the praefect at the later 
day when this satire was written. 

161. Veneris. Future perfect. 

162. Tumidum guttur. The goitre. 

164 sq. Cf. Tac. Germ. 4; Hor. Epod. xvi. 7. — Flavam . . . cirro, 
at his hair, of yellow hue, and making twisted horns with its moist- 
ened locks. Cf. Tac. Germ. 38. So Kiser. Commentators generally 
have supplied Germanum for torquentem. 

167 sqq. Ad, to meet. Cf. Hand Turs. i. 84. — Thracum volucres 
are the cranes, of which Threiciae, Strymoniae, are constant epithets 
" In the East," says Macleane, " the sudden (subitas) appearance of 
clouds of birds, no one can tell where from, when any prey is to be 
got, is very surprising. The cry of the crane is such that the flock 
may be heard very high up in the air after it has passed out of sight." 

— The fabulous people of the pygmies lived in India, or at the sources, 
of the Nile. On their battles with the cranes, cf. Horn. II. iii. 3-7. — 
Sed illic, etc. However frequently such sights occur, and however 



252 NOTES, 

numerous the spectators, nobody laughs, because all the pygmy 
warriors are small enough to be carried off by a crane. — Pede uno. 
The pygmies were a Greek wy^f) in height, or thirteen and a half 
inches. 
175. Graviore catena. Modal ablative (of description). 

178. Sospes. Cf. Hor. Carm. i. 36, 4 : Hesperia sospes ab ultima. 

179. Invidiosa, full of odium. You will be detested for taking so 
cruel revenge. 

181. What verb is to be supplied, of which indocti is the subject ? 
183. Adeo, in fact. 

185. Dulci. Hymettus was and is famed for its honey. — Senex. 
Socrates. 

194. Surdo verbere, with the noiseless lash. Cf. Pers. vi. 28. So 
caeca for invisible, as caeca saxa. 

195. Animo, (tamquam) tortore, flagellum quatiente. 

197. The scholiast says that Caedicius was a courtier and most 
cruel satellite of Nero. Take gravis with Caedicius, 

198. Cf. Ausonius: 

Turpe quid ausurus te sine teste time. 

And Sen. Ep. xliii. : Si honesta sunt quae facis, omnes sciant ; si 
turpia, quid refert neminem scire cum tu scias ? O te miserum, si 
contemnis hunc testem ! 

199-208. The story is told in Herodotus (vi. 86). A person named 
Glaucus bore the highest reputation for honesty in all Sparta. A 
man of Miletus came to him and said that, in consequence of his 
reputation for just dealing, he wished to deposit half his fortune 
with him. Glaucus accepted the deposit, and promised to restore the 
money to any one who should produce certain tokens and claim it. 
This the man's sons afterwards did, but Glaucus professed to have 
forgotten all about the matter, and required four months to refresh 
his memory. When he consulted the oracle at Delphi as to whether 
he might not keep the money and swear he had never received it, an 
answer was returned denouncing dreadful punishment on the breaker 
of oaths ; and Glaucus, begging pardon of the god, paid the money. 
The priestess warned hiinjthat he who tempts God is as bad as he 
who does the wickedness which it is in his mind to do. Terrific 
punishment came; and the whole house of Glaucus became extinct. 
(Macleane.) 

200 sq. Quondam, one day; (at some future time). — Dubitaret 
retinere, he hesitated about keeping back. 



SATIRE XIII. 253 

205 sq. Probavit extinctus. We should say, " his death, with 
that of all his relations, proved." 

207. " And his relatives, although derived from a remote common 
stock " (or collateral line). 

211. Nee mensae tempore. Post-classical for ne mensae quidem 
tempore. 

212. Ut morbo, as from disease ; i. e. as from fever. 

213. Difficili crescente cibo, when his food, hard to swallow, seems 
to swell between his teeth. — Setina. Herd's conjecture, adopted by 
Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeck. The MSS. sed vina. 

215. Melius, sc. vinum. 

218. Jam, at last, 

221. Tua sacra imago, thy awful apparition. 

226. Vindicet. So Ribbeck and Weidner, after s Serv. Aen. iv. 209 ; 
vi. 179. The ordinary reading is judicet (Pw). 

228. Hoc dilata serono, put off by this short lull. The ominous 
character of the first lull, says Macleane, is well known by all those 
who have witnessed a tropical storm. 

234. Nocentibus aegris, the sick if they be guilty. (Macleane.) 
Weidner remarks that nocen-s, as compared with noxius, denotes an 
habitual quality. 

235. The life of any animal that could be offered in sacrifice were 
worth more than his. 

236. Malorum. Masculine ; (of the wicked.) 

237. Superest constantia. They have self-confidence (assurance) 
enough and to spare. 

244 sq. In laqueum. I. e. to be strangled. Cf. Sail. Cat. 55 : laqueo 
gulam fregere. — The body was dragged out of the prison with the 
uncus. — Other interpretations are, of in laqueum, " into the snare " 
(i. e. of temptation, or "he will be caught in his guilt"), and of 
uncum, " the hook or ring in the prison wall to which the culprit's 
chains are attached." 

246. Places of exile are here referred to, as Gyaros, Seriphos. 

248. Nominis, person, man. 

249. Tiresias, the Theban prophet, was blind. 

%* Macleane remarks upon the subject of this satire: "There 
never was a time when conscience did not exist in the mind of man, 
however completely the habit of guilt may have seared it in some, 
and given a color of innocence to wickedness in the judgment of 
whole communities. The picture Juvenal draws is taken from ex- 

W 



254 NOTES. 

perience, the experience of those who were no Christians, and had 
no knowledge to deter them but that which was suggested from 
within. If we are surprised to read in Juvenal language or senti- 
ments which, if delivered from a Christian pulpit, would be appropri- 
ate and searching, it is because we are apt to forget that human 
nature, with its desires, its corruptions, and its self-deceptions, has 
always been the same in the main, and that God has never been 
without his witness against guilt in the heart of man. This satire 
represents the common moral sense of mankind. The law of 
Christianity confirms the unwritten law of which conscience has 
always been the guardian and the exponent, and of which such writ- 
ings as Juvenal's, especially this poem, are the clearest evidence." 




SATIRE XIV. 



ARGUMENT. 

1-30. There 's many a wrong act, Fuscinus, which is taught both 
by precept and example. The old man games, his boy too shakes 
the dice. What hope is there of him who learns in youth to season 
fig-peckers and mushrooms ? Give him a thousand teachers, he will 
never cease to be a gourmand. Does Rutilus train his son to gentle- 
ness, holding that servants and masters are one flesh, or cruelty, when 
all he loves is the sweet sound of the lash, the monster of his trem- 
bling household, happiest when a wretched slave is tortured for a 
trifle ? What does he teach his boy who loves the grating of the 
chain, the brand, the workhouse ? 

31-43. It is but nature ; home examples come with great authority, 
and so corrupt more speedily than any. One or two of better sort 
may spurn them, but others follow in their elders' footsteps and the 
old track of crime long put before them. So keep from wrong, if 
for no other reason, yet for this, that those who are born of us will 
imitate our faults, for all are teachable in vice ; a Catiline you '11 find 
in every town, a Cato or a Brutus nowhere. 

44-85. Let nothing evil come near the young. Great reverence is 
due to boys. If you are meditating wickedness, think not the child 
too young to see it. Whatever wrong you do, he '11 grow up like you 
not in face alone, and stature, but in morals, and follow in your foot- 
steps : and after this you '11 punish him and disinherit him forsooth ! 
When guests are coming, you will sweep your house and scold and 
rave for fear a speck of dirt offend the company, and yet you take 
no care that your son should see his home all spotless. You give 
your country a great boon if you shall make him a good citizen. It 
matters much how you shall train him up. The bird when fledged 
will seek the food his mother brought him in the nest. 

86-95. Cetronius took to building everywhere grand marble 
houses, and so broke his fortune : but he left his son no small inherit- 
ance, which he wasted in his turn in building finer houses than his 
father. 96-106. The father shows respect to the Jews' worship, the 
son becomes a Jew and goes all lengths with the law of Moses. 

107-134. But though the young are prone to imitate all other vices, 
to avarice they 're actually forced against their will. It looks too 

255 



256 NOTES, 

much like a virtue, to attract them of itself. They 're cheated with 
the show of gravity it wears, the praise it wins for carefulness and 
skill in getting. These are the craftsmen to make fortunes grow ! 
Yes, anyhow, the forge and anvil working on forever. The father, 
too, thinks only misers happy, and bids his boys go on that road 
with those philosophers. All vices have their rudiments, in these 
he trains them first and afterwards they learn the insatiable desire 
for money. He pinches his slaves' bellies and his own : saves up the 
fragments and puts them under seal for next day's supper, a meal 
the beggars would not share. 

135-151. What worth is money got at such a price? What mad- 
ness is it to live a pauper's life in order to die rich ! As money grows, 
the love of it grows too. He wants it least who has it not. So you 
go adding house to house and field to field, and if your neighbor will 
not sell, you send your beasts to eat his crops. 'T is thus that many 
properties change owners. 

152-172. But what will people say? "And what care I for that? 
I do not value at a beanshell all the world's praise, if I am to be 
poor to earn it." Then you are to escape the pains and cares of life 
and live for many a year, because you 've land as much as Rome 
possessed when Tatius reigned ! And after that two jugera was 
counted ample for old soldiers broken in the wars, and they were 
well content. For us 't is not enough for pleasure-ground. 

173-255. Hence come more murders than from any cause, for he 
who would be rich would be so quickly. And who that hastens to 
be rich cares aught for laws ? The old Sabellian spake thus to his 
sons : " Be happy with your cottages and mountains : let the plough 
get us bread ; so shall we please the country gods, whose help and 
favor got us corn for acorns. That man commits no crimes who 
wears rough boots and clothes himself in hides. Outlandish purples 
lead to every crime." Now all is changed : the father wakes his 
son at midnight. " Up, get out your tablets, write, read, study law, 
petition for a centurionship : let the commander see you rough and 
hairy. Go fight, and in your sixtieth year you '11 get the eagle. Or 
if your courage fails turn merchant ; don't be particular, stinking 
hides will do. Money smells sweet wherever it may come from. 
The poet's words be ever on your lips, well worthy of the gods and 
Jove himself, — 'whence you get no one asks, but get you must.' " 
This is what nurses teach, the boys and girls learn this before their 
alphabet. When I hear fathers urging thus their sons, I answer, 
What need of all this'haste ? I warrant you the pupil will outstrip 
his teacher. Make yourself easy, he'll surpass his father, as Ajax 
Telamon, Achilles Peleus. He 's young, when he begins to shave 
he '11 swear and lie for a mere trifle. Woe to his wife if she is rich ! 
He knows a shorter way to wealth than ranging sea and land. Crime 
is no trouble. "I never taught him this," you '11 say some day. 
But you're the cause of all his wickedness. Who trains his son to 
avarice gives him the reins, and if he tries to check him he refuses, 
and spurns his driver and the goal. He thinks it not enough to err 
as far as you will let him. Tell him the man's a fool who helps his 
friend, teach him to rob and cheat, by every crime get money, which 
you love as ever patriot loved his country, and then you '11 see the 



SATIRE XIV. 257 

spark yourself have lighted blown to a flame and carry all before it : 
you 'if not escape yourself, the lion you have reared will tear his 
keeper. Your horoscope is told, you say : but he '11 not wait, he '11 
weary of your obstinate old age. Buy yourself antidotes, such as 
kings and fathers should take before their meals. 

256-302. No play is half so good as to look on and see what risk 
they run to increase their store. Can the petaurista or the rope-dancer 
amuse us more than he who lives at sea, a wretched trafficker in 
perfumed bags or raisin wine from Crete ? The dancer does it for a 
livelihood, you but for countless gold and houses. The sea is full of 
ships ; more men there than ashore ; wherever gain may call them 
there they go. A fine return for all your toil, to come with full 
purse back and boast you ' ve seen the monsters of the deep. Mad- 
ness may vary, but that man is mad who fills his ship and risks his 
life for silver cut in little heads and letters. The clouds are lower- 
ing ; " 't is nothing," cries the master, " mere summer thunder," and 
that night perhaps his ship is lost and he himself must swim for 
life; and he who thought the gold of Tagus and Pactolus little, 
must beg in rags, carrying with him the picture of his wreck. 

303-331. What danger gets, anxiety must guard. Licinus posts 
his regiment of slaves with buckets all the night, in terror for his 
plate and marble and all his finery. The Cynic's tub burns not ; 
break it, and he will make another or patch up the old one. So 
Alexander, when he saw the man who made that tub his home, then 
learnt how happier far was he who wanted nothing, than he who 
coveted a world and went through every toil to get it. All gods are 
there where Prudence is ; 't is we who make Fortune a goddess. If 
any ask me what is the measure of a private fortune, I tell them just 
as much as nature wants, or Epicurus for his little garden, or Socrates 
before him. Nature and Philosophy always speak alike. But if I 
seem too hard upon you, mix a little from our habits with the old. 
Make up a knight's fortune : if that be not enough, then two, or even 
three. If that does not suffice, then will not Croesus's treasures or 
Persia's kingdom or Narcissus's wealth. — Macleane, with modifi- 
cations. 

1. Fuscinus. Some friend of Juvenal, unknown to us. 

2. Nitidis rebus. " The minds of the children, in their first inno- 
cence, are the ' bright things.'' " 

5. Bullatus. Cf. v. 164, note. — Fritillus is a dice-box. — Arma, i. 
e. the dice. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 177 : Cerealiaque arma expediunt. 
7. Radere tubera terrae, to peel truffles. 

9. Ficellas (.= ficedulas). So Mayor, after Lachmann. The MSS. 
ficedulas, which alone will be found in the Lexicons. The beccafico 
was the only bird of which epicures allowed the whole to be eaten. 

10. Monstrante, showing the way. 

12. Barbatos. Beards were much affected by those who set up for 
philosophers. 

17— Juv. W2 



258 NOTES. 

15. Modicis erroribus aequos, indulgent to small transgressions. 
Cf. Hor. Sat. i. 3, 118, 140. 

16 sq. Nostra is taken with materia. On the sentiment cf. Ma- 
crob. I. xi. 6 : tibi autem unde in servos tantum et tarn inane fa- 
stidium, quasi non ex eisdem tibi et constent et alantur elementis 
eundemque spiritum ab eodem principio carpant ? 

18. Rutilus. Some father. Hardly the same person as in xi. 2. 

19. Nullam Sirena. I. e. no Siren's song. 

20. The Antiphates and the Polyphemus of his trembling house- 
hold. Antiphates, the grewsome king of the Laestrygones, ate up 
one of the three men whom Ulysses sent out as explorers, and sunk 
all his ships but one. {Odys. x. 80-132.) The story of the Cy- 
clops Polyphemus (Odys. ix. 182-542; Aen. iii. 618 sqq.) is well 
known. 

22. Duo propter lintea, for the loss of a couple of towels. 

24. Inscripta ergastula, the branded slaves in the workhouse. (Cf. 
viii. 180, note. ) In ergastula we have a bold metonymy, — the con- 
tainer for the thing contained. Inscriptus is not found elsewhere in 
Juvenal in the sense of branded, but is so used by Pliny, Martial, 
and Gellius. The common word is inustus or compunctus. 

33. Cum subeant. Subjunctive as giving the reason. Vg, su- 
beunt. 

35. The Titan is Prometheus, (a son of the Titan Iapetus,) the 
fabled creator of the human race. 

38 sq. Hujus .... est, for there is at least one reason that com- 
mands this (i. e. to keep clear from grievous sins). 

43. The uncle of Brutus wasCato Uticensis. 

45. A (ah) is the interjection. It is a conjecture of Cramer's, 
adopted by the best editors. The MSS. have hinc, hanc, ac (P). 

46. The parasite that makes a night of it is "the contemptible 
guest who for a dinner sits up all night drinking or gaming, or both, 
and singing low songs." 

49. Notice the hiatus before the caesura in the third arsis. 
52 sq. Qui .... peccet, one to follow in your steps and exaggerate 
all your faults. 

55. Tabulas. I. e. your will. 

56. Unde tibi frontem, etc. On the ellipsis, cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 16 : 
unde mihi lapidem ? . . . unde sagittas ? 

57 sq. Vacuum .... quaerat. You are mad, and want cupping. 
The cupping-glass is called windy, perhaps from the pressure of the 
external air. In the Middle Ages the adjective ventosa itself became 



SATIKE XIV. 259 

a noun signifying a cupping-glass, and hence the Italian ventosa and 
French ventouse. 

59. Tuorum, sc. famulorum. 

62. Leve, plain. — Aspera, embossed. 

67. Saw-dust was thrown before sweeping, like our tea-leaves. 

68 sqq. An argumentum ex contrario. — Omni sine labe, for sine 
ulla labe, is post-classical. 

71. TJtilis agris. The art of agriculture was held in very high 
esteem, and its importance for the national welfare recognized. 

75. Devia = deserta. 

77. Crucibus. The crosses bearing bodies of malefactors. 

80 sqq. In point of fact, vultures build their nests in rocks, and 
eagles (famulae Jovis et generosae aves) are scarcely more delicate in 
the choice of their food than vultures. Juvenal follows popular 
tradition, often against the facts of natural history ; thus he speaks 
of beavers as mutilating themselves (xii. 34), ants as laying up stores 
for winter (vi. 361), cranes as having talons (xiii. 169), elephants as 
shedding their tusks when they have grown too heavy (xi. 126), the 
ibis as eating snakes (xv. 3), and tigers and boars as never fighting 
among each other (xv. 160 sqq.). 

83. Levavit. So Priscian, Eibbeck, Weidner. Hermann reads 
levabit (w), Jahn and Mayor, levavit, P levaret. 

86. Aedificator, passionately fond of building. The verbal sub- 
stantive in -or implies a continued and constantly repeated activity in 
the actor. Cf. Nagelsbach Stil. § 54. 

90. There was an ancient and celebrated temple of For tuna at 
Praeneste, and one of Hercules at Tibur, whence the town is often 
called Herculeum. 

91. Po sides was a freedman and favorite of Claudius. P]iny 
mentions the aquae Posidianae, a splendid bathing-house on the 
shore at Baiae. — Capitolia. Pluralis majestatis. 

94. Turbavit, squandered. 

96-106. With JuvenaPs account of the Jews, cf. Tac, Hist. v. 4, 5. 

96. Metuere and metus are the words used for religious fear. 

103. Non monstrare, sc. solent or consueverunt. Juvenal says 
that the Jews will not show any one the way except he be of their 
faith, nor tell the tired traveller, if he be uncircumcised, where he 
may quench his thirst. 

110. Habitu, in bearing. — Vultuque et veste severum, severe both 
in countenance and attire. 

114. The two dragons referred to are the one that watched the 



260 NOTES. 

Hesperides, as they watched the golden apples, and the one that 
guarded the golden fleece of Colchis in Pontus. 

115 sq. Adquirendi artificem, " an adept in the art of getting rich." 

117. Crescunt quocumque modo. Hor. Epp. i. 1, 65 : rem facias, 
rem ; si possis, recte, si non, quocumque modo rem. 

119. Et pater ergo, and so the father too. 

120 sq. Madvig would read (with inferior MSS.) mirantur, pu- 
tant. 

126. Modio iniquo. Cf. Dig. xix. 1, 32 : iniquis ponderibus. Slaves 
had a certain allowance of corn, olives, dates, figs, vinegar, and wine, 
either by the month or the day. 

127. Neque enim sustinet umquam, for indeed he can never bear. 
129 sq. Medio Septembri. In the very season when the heat was 

excessive and the air pestilential. 

131. Lacertus. A coarse sea-fish, eaten in summer dried or salted. 
Translate, salt-fish. 

132. Signatam, sealed up, so that the slaves could not eat it. — Si- 
luro, sheat-fish. Cf. iv. 33. 

133. Fila, shreds, slices. Weidner translates it, blades. — Sectivi 
porri. Cf. iii. 293, note. 

134. Aliquis de ponte, any beggar from the bridge. Cf. iv. 116, 
note ; v. 8, note. 

135. Sed quo, sc. habes or possides. Cf. viii. 9, note. 
140. The subject of op tat is qui non habet. 

142 sq. Major et melior. Sc. than your own. 

144. Densa qui canet oliva, which is hoary with the thickly-planted 
olive. The hoary, gray, silvery, dusky hue of their foliage, makes 
olive-trees a very striking and peculiar feature in a landscape. 

147. Hujus, refers to dominus (145). 

152. Quam . . . famae, " what a foul blast will rumor blow J" — P 
falone) hasfoede, and so Jahn and Ribbeck ; but even in P, as Her- 
mann says, it may be that foede stands for foedae. 

155. Secantem, while reaping merely. 

156. Scilicet, of course ; no doubt. Sarcastic. 

160. Tatius is the legendary Sabine king under whom and Romulus 
the Romans and Sabines formed one united kingdom. 

162. The Molossi were a people of Epirus. Pyrrhus is called rex 
Molossus xii. 108. 

165 sq. Ingratae curta fides patriae, a scant discharge of her 
promise on the part of their thankless country. 

169. The slave played with his three young masters ; the title do- 



SATIRE XIV. 261 

minus being given to a master's son as well as to a master. Cf. Plaut. 
Capt. Pro!. 18. 

178. Properantis. Cf. Prov. xxviii. 22 : He that hasteth to be rich 
hath an evil eye. 

180 sq. The people mentioned were all of that Sabellian stock 
which was proverbial for severity and simplicity in its way of living. 

187. Inversis. I. e. with the hair inside. — Peregrina purpura. 
Phoenician, Laconian, and African purples were most esteemed. 

188. Quaecumque est indicates at once disdain for, and ignorance 
of, the foreign innovation. 

191. Accipe, "here, take!" 

192. Rubras leges. The titles and beginnings of laws were written 
in red, with ink made of minium, vermilion, or rubrica, red ochre. 
Hence rubrica came to mean the civil law ; hence too our word rubric. 

193. Vitem, the vine-switch of the centurion (viii. 247, note), used 
here for a centurion's commission. — Libello, & petition. 

195. Laelius is put for the commander of the troops to whom the pe- 
tition would be referred. Let him see what a stalwart fellow you are ; 
(for it was thought well that centurions should be big and burly.) 

197. Locupletem aquilam. " The primipilus centurio had charge 
of the eagle of the legion, and was above all the centurions in rank 
and pay. Lipsius says they rose from the lowest grade to the highest 
by rotation, except in cases of extraordinary merit. The ten cohorts 
of the legion consisted of thirty manipuli, and in each manipulus 
there were two centurions. , ' 

199. Solvunt, relax. — Solvunt ventrem. " A common result/' 
says Lewis, " of the first sound of cannon in modern actions." 

201. Pluris dimidio. For more than half as much again as it cost 
you. 

202. Trades of an offensive kind, such as tanning, had to be carried 
on Tiberim ultra, i. e. in the Trastevere. 

206. Poeta, as its author. 

208. Vetulae assae, old dry-nurses. 

212. Praesto, I warrant. — Meliorem, sc. fore. 

215 sq. Nondum . . . nequitiae, " the evils of matured vice have 
not yet filled the marrow of their bones." 

217. Cultri, of the razor. 

218 sq. There are three possible translations of vendet perjuria 
summa exigua : " he will sell his perjuries for a trifling sum ; " " he 
will perjure himself most heavily for a trifle; " or " he will perjure 
himself in any way you like, little or great." — Et, even; and that too. 



262 NOTES. 

219. Tangens pedem. Like devotees. 

220 sq. Elatam, borne out to burial. — Limina subit. The bride, 
on entering her new home, was lifted across the threshold. 

224. Magni sceleris, in the case of a great crime. Cf. Cic. TusOi 
iv. 6, 14 : praesentis autem mail sapientis affectio nulla est. 

227-231. Pueros producit avaros, schools his sons in avarice. — 
Conduplicare, sc. praecepit. — Commentators generally confess them- 
selves unable to extract any sense from verse 229. Kiaer meets the 
difficulty by considering verses 227, 228, and 229-231 (curriculo) as 
containing two parallel statements ; nam . . . amorem is the first 
protasis, et . . . avaros the first apodosis; et . . . conduplicare is 
the second protasis, dat . . . curriculo the second apodosis. With 
this interpretation et in verse 228 must be taken as equivalent to 
etiam. 

231. Quern must be regarded as a careless expression, in a carelessly 
written satire, referring to juvenis, or some such word suggested by 
curriculo or by the whole phrase dat . . . curriculo. 

238. Quarum amor, sc. tantus est. Before the correlative adjectives 
qualis and quantus, Juvenal almost always omits talis and tantus. 

240. Menoeceus, son of Creon, gave his life for his country when 
the seven came against Thebes. 

241. Quorum is used as if Thebani had preceded, and not Thebas. 

243. Tubicen. To give the signal for battle. 

244. Ergo, so then (as I was saying). 

247. Leo alumnus, the lion you have reared. — Toilet, will make 
way with, will destroy. 

249. Colus. The distaff of the Fates. 

251. Cervina. Hesiod (according to Pliny, H. N. vii. 48) attributes 
to the raven nine lives of man, to the stag four lives of a raven, and 
to the crow three lives of a stag. To man he gives ninety-six years. 

252. Archigenes was a celebrated physician of this period, a Greek, 
born in Syria. — Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, was in the habit 
of taking antidotes, and had so fortified his constitution by their 
means, that when he wished to poison himself he could not, and was 
obliged to get a soldier to kill him. 

257. Praetoris. Cf. viii. 194, note. The praetor presided at the 
ludi scenici in the time of the emperors. He is called lautus on 
account of the magnificence of the games. 

258. Discrimine. Ablative of price. — Constent, cost. 

260 sq. The temple of Castor was in the Forum Eomanum, and 
near it the bankers had their places of business. They kept the 



SATIRE XIV. 263 

cash-chests of their customers in this temple, where there were sen- 
tries. The temple of Mars Ultor, in the Forum Augusti, had been 
used (it would seem) as a place of deposit of this kind, but it had 
been robbed, or possibly damaged by fire (Weidner), and Mars had 
lost his helmet also, as well as other treasures. 

262 sq. The festival of Flora was celebrated at Rome from the 
28th April till the 3d May, every year. The Cerealia were held in 
the middle of April. On the festival of Cybele, also in April, the 
Megalesian games (cf. xi. 193) were celebrated. At each of these festi- 
vals there were dramatic representations. — Aulaea. I. e. the plays. 

265. Petauro. A flying-machine, or stage from which persons took 
flying leaps. 

266. Rectum funem, the tight-rope. 

267. Corycus was the name of a city and promontory in Cilicia. 
There was a promontory of the same name in Crete. 

271. Passum, raisin-wine. See Lexicon, s. v. pando. — Lagonas 
= lagenas. They are called " compatriots of Jove " from the tradi- 
tion of the education, and even of the birth and burial, of Jupiter in 
Crete. When the people of Crete asked aid of America in their 
attempt to throw off the Mohammedan yoke, they began their appeal 
with the words, " We, the descendants of Minos and of Jupiter." 

273 sq. Ilia mercede = illius rei mercede. — Ilia reste, i. e. recto 
fune (266). 

274 sq. Tu . . . temerarius. The rope-dancer hazards his life to 
avoid starvation ; you hazard yours for superfluities. 

280. Herculeo gurgite. In the Atlantic. " Posidonius and Epi- 
curus pretended that when the sun sank in the Atlantic, it hissed 
like red-hot iron plunged into water. According to the popular be- 
lief, the Sacrum Promontorium, on the Atlantic coast of Hispania, 
now Cape St. Vincent, was the place where the sun plunged with his 
chariot into the sea." 

283. Juvenes marinos. Tritons, Nereids, and the like. 

284 sq. Non unus furor, not one kind only of madness. — Ille. I. e. 
Orestes. — Sororis. I. e. Electra, who throws her arms around her 
brother to prevent him from leaping from his couch in his terror at 
the apparition of the Furies. The scene is from the Orestes of Euri- 
pides. — Igni. I. e. the torches. 

286. Hie. I. e. Ajax. The scene is from the Aias of Sophocles. 

287. Ithacum. I. e. Ulysses. — Parcat . . . lacemis. Though he 
may not tear his clothing, like some other lunatics. 

288. Curatoris. In accordance with the provisions of the Twelve 



264 NOTES. 

Tables, a curator or guardian was appointed by the praetor in the 
eases of persons of unsound mind. Cf. Hor. Epp. i. 1, 102, 103-. 

289. Ad summum latus, to the topmost edge : i. e. to the very top 
of the bulwarks. — Tabula distinguitur unda, is separated from the 
water by a single plank : 

"digitis a inorte remotus 
quattuor aut septem, si sit latissima taeda." — Sat. xii. 58 sq. 

291. Silver cut up into small coins, having on them the " image 
and superscription " of the emperor. 

292. Solvite funem, loose the cable. Cf. Verg. Aen. iii. 266 sq. 
294. Fascia nigra, this black streak or black belt of clouds. 
298, Modo, but now. 

300. Sufficient, sc. ei, the antecedent of cujus (298). 

301 sq. Shipwrecked men had paintings made of the scene of their 
misfortune, and carried them around with them to gain sympathy 
and alms. — Picta se tempestate tuetur, maintains himself by a 
painting of the storm. 

305. Amis = hdmis. — " In the days of the empire there were 
seven cohorts of night police, whose business it was to ensure to the 
citizens protection from fire. The wealthy, however, who kept an 
immense number of slaves (cf. iii. 141), did not trust to this common 
protection, but had their own private watchman (here cohortem ser- 
vorum). Nero ordered all who could afford it to keep custodes et 
subsidia reprimendis ignibus in propatulo (Tac. Ann. vi. 43). They 
were furnished with hamae — buckets filled with water — and with 
siphones, and other instruments for checking conflagrations." 

306. Attonitus, " wild with fear." 

307 sq. Electro. Cf. v. 38. — Signis. Cf. viii. 110. — Phrygia. Syn- 
nada, in Phrygia, was famed for its marble. — Ebore. Cf. xi. 123 
sqq. — Testudine. Cf. xi. 94 sq. It was common to inlay furniture 
with tortoise-shell. Or lata testudo may refer to the vaulted and 
highly ornamented roof of the palace. 

308 sqq. Dolia. The " tub " of Diogenes was made of clay. If 
any one broke it, he could make another next day, nay more, he 
could patch the old one with lead. — Commissa, soldered. 

311 sqq. The story of Alexander's visit to Diogenes, and how the 
Cynic told him not to stand between him and the sun, when asked 
if there was anything that could be done for him, is told by Plutarch 
(Alex. 14). 

319. Hortis. Cf. xiii. 123, note. 



SATIRE XIV. 265 

320. The extreme frugality of Socrates' s mode of life was appealed 
to by himself in proof of his disinterestedness (Apol. xviii.), and is 
attested by Xenophon and Aristophanes. 

322. Cludere = claudere. " Do I seem to confine you by too 
rigid examples ? " 

323. Nostris, our (modern). 

324. On the fourteen rows and the law of Otho, cf. iii. 154, note. 

325. If this makes you knit your brow and pout your lip. 

326. Duodecies sestertium was the census senatorius. 

327. Gremium. The fold of the toga (sinus), in which the purse 
was commonly carried. Cf. vii. 215. — Ultra, i. e. for more. 

329. Narcissus was the chief favorite of Claudius Caesar. He 
made a fortune of about four million of our money. It was he, and 
not Claudius, who ordered the death of Messalina. The subject of 
paruit is Claudius. Cf. Plin. Epp. viii. 6 : imaginare Caesarem li- 
berti precibus vel potius imperio . . obtemperantem. 

X 




SATIKE XV. 



ARGUMENT. 

1-32. All know, Volusius, the monsters Egypt worships ; here 't is 
the crocodile, the ibis there ; the long-tailed ape at Thebes where 
Memnon strikes his lyre ; cats, river-fish, and dogs (but not Diana). 
Onions and leeks no tooth may harm. O holy people, whose gods 
grow in their gardens ! A sheep or goat they may not eat, but human 
flesh they may. When once Ulysses told such marvellous tales to 
Alcinous and his guests, some more sober than the rest no doubt 
were wroth, and would have thrown him into the sea, with his tales 
about Laestrygones and Cyclopes. His Scylla and his clashing rocks 
and bladders full of storms and comrades turned to swine, were not 
so hard to swallow. He had no witness to support him ; but my 
story, a crime not known in all the tragedies, was acted publicly the 
other day. 

33-71. Two neighboring peoples, Ombites and Ten ty rites, have 
long fallen out with deadly hatred, only for this, that each maintain 
there are no other gods but those they worship. It was a holiday at 
Ombi, a fit occasion for the enemy, who were resolved to spoil their 
seven days' sport (for these barbarians vie with the infamous Cano- 
pus in good living) : and they expected easy victory when they were 
drenched with wine. On one side there was dancing, flowers, per- 
fumes (such as they were) ; on the other, hatred and an empty belly. 
First, they cry out words of abuse, with hot courage ; this is the 
trump of battle. Then they charge with mutual shout: their 
weapons are their fists ; scarce any cheeks were left without a wound, 
or any nose unbroken. Faces contused you 'd see throughout the 
host, cheeks burst and bones all starting through the skin, fists reek- 
ing with the blood of eyes knocked out. But this is child's play : 
what use is such a crowd of combatants if none are killed? So they 
grow fiercer and throw stones, not such as Turnus, Ajax, or Tydides 
threw, but such as men can wield in these degenerate days, when all 
are bad and puny, so that heaven laughs at men and hates them. 

72-92. But to return. One party reinforced get bold and ply the 
sword and bow ; and Tentyra flies, as they pursue. One slips and 
falls in his haste ; they take him prisoner and cut him up and eat 
him raw. How lucky they profaned not the holy element ! But 
they who ate had never a more happy meal. Don't think it was the 
first taste only that was sweet; the last man when the carcase was 

266 



SATIRE XV. 267 

all gone, scraped up the blood on the ground and licked it from his 
fingers. 

93-131. Vascones, they tell us, lengthened life by food like this : 
but that was fortune's spite and war's extremity, a long blockade 
and famine. Such cases we should pity, when, after all their food is 
gone to the last blade of grass, men eat each other, as they would 
themselves : these gods and men may pardon, as the ghosts would do 
of those they 've eaten. Zeno may teach us all things must not be done 
even for life ; but how should they be Stoics, and that in old Metel- 
lus's time ? Now all the world have got our learning and the Gre- 
cian too. Gaul teaches Britain how to plead, and Thule talks of 
hiring soon a rhetorician. But yet that noble people and Saguntum 
had some excuse for what they did. But Egypt was more savage 
than the Tauric altar; for there (if we're to trust the story) the 
goddess only sacrificed the men, and nothing more. What led these 
people to their crime, what accident, blockade, or famine ? Suppose 
the Nile had left the country dry, what greater insult could they 
show the god ? The Cimbri, Britones, and Scythians were never yet 
so savage as this useless cowardly herd, who swarm upon the river 
in their painted boats. No punishment is hard enough for those 
whose passion is as bad as famine. 

131-174. Nature has given soft hearts to men, as tears will prove. 
She bids us weep for friends in sorrow, for the poor wretch on trial 
for his life, or boy, that brings his fraudulent guardian to justice, 
with weeping face and streaming hair. She bids us weep when a 
young maiden dies or little babe. What good man and true but 
counts all human miseries his own ? 'T is this distinguishes us men 
from beasts ; for this we 've minds to take in things divine and exer- 
cise all arts ; and sense from heaven, which they have not who look 
down to the earth. They 've breath but we have soul, so that sym- 
pathy bids us seek mutual help, join in communities, and quit the 
woods our fathers lived in, build houses, join our habitations for 
mutual safety, stand by each other and protect the fallen, fight side 
by side at one signal, share the same walls and towers. But now the 
snakes are more harmonious than we are; the wild beast preys not 
on his kind : but as for man 't is not enough to have forged the fatal 
sword, though the first smiths knew only to make tools. But now 
we see whole peoples not content with killing in their passion, but 
they must eat each other. What would Pythagoras say, where would 
he run to, if he saw these monstrous doings, he who abstained from 
all kinds of meat and ate not every kind of vegetable ? — Macleane, 
with modifications. 



1. Of Volusius Bithynicus, to whom this carelessly written letter 
is addressed, we know nothing. 

3. The ibis does not eat snakes, although Herodotus (ii. 75, 76) 
and Cicero (iV". D. i. 36) speak of it as destroying flying serpents. 

4. Nitet aurea, glitters in gold. So jacet obruta (6), lies in ruin. 



268 NOTES. 

5. " Memnon's statue that at sunrise played " was mutilated (di- 
midio). It was afterwards restored, perhaps by Septimius Severus. 

7. Aeluros, cats (alXovpos). An emendation of Brodaeus, now gene- 
rally adopted. P has aeruleos, the other MSS. caeruleos. 

9. Cepe = caepe. 

10. Haec = talia. 
17. Abicit = abjicit. 

19 sq. Concurrentia saxa Cyaneis. Either the rocks that dash 
against each other in the Cyanean sea (i. e. the Symplegades), or 
the rocks that clash with the Cyanean waves (dative), or the rocks that 
dash against the Cyanean isles. I prefer the first interpretation. Cf. 
Soph. Antig. 966 : Kvavewv -rrsXayiuv. Juvenal confounds the Symple- 
gades, at the entrance of the Thracian Bosporos from the Euxine, 
with rocks in the Sicilian sea which Circe advised Ulysses to avoid. 

20. When Ulysses was leaving the island of Aeolus, the king gave 
him a leathern bag containing all the winds. His companions let 
them out oi the bag, causing a tempest. (Odys. x. 19, 46.; 

22. Et = etiam. 

26. Canebat, chantait, = recitabat. 

27. Junco. So P, Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeck, Mayor, Weidner. 
There was a consul of the name of Juncus under Hadrian, A. D. 127. 
(Dissertazioni della pontificia Acad. Rom. di Archeologia vi. 231.) 
From ignorance of this fact, other MSS. and editors altered the read- 
ing to Junio. 

28. Super, above, i. e. to the south of; up the country. 

30. A Pyrra. As we say, since the flood. — ■ Syrmata. For tragoe- 
dias. Cf. viii. 229. 
33. Finitimos. The term is used laxly. 

39. Alterius populi. The people celebrating the festival were the 
Ombites. 

40. Inimicorum. The Tentyrites. 

45. Quantum ipsi notavi. These words imply that their author 
had visited Egypt. Most lives of Juvenal, following the pseudo- 
Suetonius, relate that he was sent to Egypt, when eighty years of 
age, as prefect of a cohort stationed at Syene, and that this, under 
the appearance of an honorary appointment, was in reality meant as a 
species of exile. The story is incredible in itself, and apparently de- 
rived from the present passage. (Mayor.) 

46. Canopus, though in Egypt, was a cosmopolitan city, a centre 
of Greek and oriental culture and luxury ; and its manners were no 
type of those of Egypt in general. 



SATIRE XV 269 

48. Inde, on one side, i. e. among the Ombites. — 51. Hinc, on the 

other side, i. e. with the Ten ty rites. 

52. Haec tuba rixae, this was the trumpet of the fray. Cf. i. 169. 

53-56. Dein .... integer. The two clauses connected by a conjunc- 
tion (et) represent the action ; the two added without any conjunction 
represent the effect of the action. 

64. Domestica seditioni tela, the familiar weapons of sedition. 
Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 148-150. 

65 sq. Hunc = talem, — Qualis, accusative plural. — Turnus et 
Ajax, sc. torquebant. — On the proper names, cf. Yerg. Aen. xii. 896 
sqq. ; Horn. //. vii. 268 sqq. ; v. 302 sqq. 

69. Genus hoc, this race of ours. 

73. Aucti. Plural, appositive to the noun of multitude pars. — 
Pars altera, i. e. the Ombites. 

76. There were groves of palm in the neighborhood of Tentyra. 

77. Hinc = ex hac parte, on the side of the Tentyrites. 

86. Te perhaps does not refer to Volusius, but is a bold address to 
fire itself. 

88. Sustinuit, had the heart to. 

90. Prima gula = qui primus gustavit hanc carnem. 

93. The Vascones were a people of Spain on the upper Ebro. 
They had a town Calagurris (nowCalahorra\ of the man-eating of the 
inhabitants of which, when oppressed by siege A. u. c. 682, we read 
in Valerius Maximus vii. 6 : qui quo perseverantius interempti Ser- 
torii cineribus, obsidionem Cn. Pompei frustrantes, fidem praestarent, 
quia nullum jam aliud in urbe eorum supererat animal, uxores suas 
natosque ad usum nefariae dapis verterunt : quoque diutius armata 
juventus viscera sua visceribus suis aleret, infelices cadaverum reli- 
quias sallire non dubitavit. 

95. Ultima, sc. discrimina. 

97. Miserabile debet esse, ought to excite our compassion. 

102 sq. Esse, from edo. — Et sua. Cf. Ov. Met. viii. 877 sq. : 

ipse suos artus lacero divellere morsu 
coepit et infelix minuendo corpus alebat. 

109. Q. Metellus Pius conducted the Sertorian war together with 
Cn. Pompeius. 

110. Graias nostrasque Athenas, the Grecian Athens and our 
own, i. e. the Grecian culture and our own. — Athens is the worthiest 
metonym for intellectual and ethical culture, — the city unde huma- 
nitas, doctrina, religio, fruges, jura, leges ortae atque in omnes terras 

X2 



270 NOTES. 

distributae putantur (Cic. pro Flac. 62) ; the natSevaig rrjs 'EAAd&>s 

(ThllC. iL 41), the Koivbv Traidevrfjpiov navruv avdp&nuv (Diodor.). 

114. For the siege of Saguntum (Saguntus, Zagynthos, ZaxwOos), see 
Liv. xxi. 7-15. Augustin (Civ. Dei iii. 20) says that it is believed 
that some of the besieged citizens ate the corpses of their friends. 

115. Tale quid excusat, had excuse for any such conduct. — The 
Maeotic altar is the altar of the Tauric goddess, called by the Greeks 
Artemis, on which all strangers who came to the country were sacri- 
ficed. Cf. Eurip. Iph. in Taur. 

117. TJt jam, supposing only. 

119. Quis modo casus, what mischance even. On modo in the sense 
of even, at all, cf. Cic. Tusc. v. 66 : quis est omnium, qui modo cum 
Musis habeat aliquod commercium ? 

120. Hos, the Ombites. — Vallo, their ramparts. 

122 sq. Anne .... Nilo ? could they, if the land of Memphis were 
dried up, do anything worse to spite the Nile because he would not 
rise ? Cf. Ov. Met. iv. 547 : invidiam fecere deae. Others (as Mayor, 
Weidner), translate aliam invidiam facerent Nilo, bring any greater 
infamy (or odium) upon the Nile. Drought would cause famine. 

124. By Britones Juvenal seems to mean the Britons, whose 
human sacrifices were well known. As Juvenal in all other places 
calls them Britanni, some suppose that the reference here is to some 
German tribe. 

133. Quae dedit, in that she has given. 

134 sq. She bids us, then, weep for the squalid plight of a friend 
when he pleads his cause and is accused ; or as we should say, who is 
accused and pleads his cause. Some inferior MSS. give casum lugen- 
tis instead of causam dicentis. Kiser would emend by reading squa- 
lorem atque instead of squalor ernque. 

137. Incerta is explained by some as meaning hard to be dis- 
tinguished from a girl's, by others hard to be recognized (i. e. so that 
it is not easy to tell who he is). 

140. Minor igne rogi, too young for the fire of the funeral-pile. 
Children who died before they had a tooth were buried, not burned. 

140 sq. Face arcana. On the fifth day of the Eleusinian mysteries 
the initiated carried torches to the temple of Demeter (Ceres), led by 
a priest. Of every neophyte the hierophant demanded moral purity. 
— Qualem esse, sc. hominem. 

142. Ulla aliena sibi credit mala. Every one will remember the 
noble verse of Terence (Heaut. i. 1, 29) : 

homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto. 



SATIRE XV. 271 

143. Macleane takes venerabile as having an active meaning, 
reverential, or capable of reverence, which snits the context better 
than the passive sense. Forcellini cites two examples of the active 
use of this verbal from Valerius Maximus. 

147. Prona et terram spectantia, sc. animalia. Cf. Ov. Met. i. 
84-86: 

pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, 
os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri 
jussit et erectos ad sidera tollere voltus. 

Dryden adds a magnificent epithet in his translation of Ovid : 

"Man looks aloft, and with erected eyes 
Surveys his own hereditary skies.' 7 

149. " Animus est quo sapimus, anima qua vivimus." 

151. In populum, into one people. 

157. Defendier. Notice this archaic form of the present infinitive 
passive. 

160. Cognatis maculis, kindred spots, i. e. animals of the same 
species ; the leopard recognizes the leopard and spares him. 

166. Produxisse, to have beaten out, i. e. to have forged. " Pro- 
ducere " like " extendere " (168). — Cum, although. 

67. Coquere, to forge. 

68. Extendere = excudere. 

170 sq. Sed erediderint = sed qui crediderint, the qui being sug- 
gested by quorum (169). Subjunctive, because qui = tales ut ii. 
Kiser makes crediderint a " dubitative " subjunctive, " quos credi- 
disse probabile est." 

174. The story that Pythagoras abstained from beans is probably 
a fable ; but Juvenal follows the common tradition. 




SATIKE XVI. 



ARGUMENT. 

1-6. O Gallius, who can tell the advantages of lucky service ? Give 
me a crack regiment, and I '11 enlist and think my stars have favored 
me. Of course a fortunate hour avails one more than if he had a 
letter of recommendation to Mars from his wife Venus or his mother 
Juno. 

7-34. First, the advantages that all soldiers enjoy. The greatest 
is that no civilian dares to strike you, nay more, if you strike him, 
he holds his tongue, and dares not show his grievance to the praetor. 
If he would have revenge he has his judge, a stout centurion in the 
camp, for soldiers may not go beyond for trial. Most just, no doubt, 
is the centurion's judgment, and if I 've right upon my side he '11 
give me satisfaction. But all the camp will see that my revenge shall 
prove a greater trouble than the wrong. And he 's a bold man who 
would dare offend so many boots and hobnails. And who would 
come so far to give his evidence? Let's dry our tears, nor trouble 
friends who will not fail to excuse themselves. The man who dares 
to witness to the assault is worthy of the good olden times : a lying 
witness may be easier got against a townsman than a true against a 
soldier's fortunes and his honor. 

35-50. And if a scoundrel neighbor moves my landmark, or 
debtor will not give me back my own, then I must wait and go 
through all the law's delays ; but soldiers are allowed their own time 
for suing and no drag stops their suit. 

51-60. The soldier too may make a will while yet his father lives, 
for all he gets in service is his own. The old man therefore courts 
his lucky soldier who by fair favor is rewarded as his gallant deeds 
deserve. For 'tis the general's interest that the brave should also 
be the lucky and pride themselves upon their trappings and collars. — 
Macleane, with modifications. 



1. It is idle to ask who is the Gallius (or Gallus, Galli P, Galle w) 
to whom this unfinished satire is addressed. 
2 sqq. Si . . . sidere, " if a fortunate corps is being entered, may 

272 



SATIRE XVI. 273 

its gate receive me, a timorous recruit, under a favorable star." 
Priscian quotes verse 2 twice, with quod si instead of the nam si of 
the MSS. 
6. Samia. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 16. 

8. Ne. . . . audeat follows illud erit (commodum), because " subest 
notio impediendi velprohibendi" (Hand. Turs. iv. 42). 

9. Immo, nay more. 

11. Offam, swelling. 

12. Medico nil promittente, of which the doctor gives no hope. 
13 sq. " He who would have redress for these injuries has assigned 

to him for judge a Bardaic shoe, and big legs at big benches." The 
Bardaici or Vardiaci (called also Vardaei) were an Illyrian tribe. 
The Bardaicus calceus represents here a centurion. " Judicem dare 
was properly said of the praetor urbanus, who could appoint, if he 
pleased, a judex privatus to hear a private case at the instance of the 
plaintiff. " Here the praetor sends the plaintiff to a military court. 

14. Grandes dantur magna ad subsellia complenda surae. Cf. Na- 
gelsbach Stil. § 122, 2. 

15. More Camilli is not to be taken strictly, but represents gener- 
ally the ancient military usages of Rome. 

18. Cognitio, the jurisdiction. — Derit = deerit. 

19. Justae querelae. Genitive of quality. 

20. Each cohort was divided into six centuries or three maniples. 
23. Corde, understanding. — Who Vagellius was we know not. 
26. Tarn Pylades, i. e. so devoted a friend. — Molem aggeris ultra, 

beyond the mole of the rampart, i. e. within the rampart of the camp. 
Agger is the rampart of Servius Tullius, which overlooked the prae- 
torian camp. A friend must be ready to give his life, as was Pylades, 
or he must live so remote from the city as to have no cause to dread 
the wrath of the praetorians, to be willing to give testimony in your 
behalf against a soldier. 

31. I will deem him such a man as the noblest worthies of the good 
old times. The Romans wore their hair long and their beards uncut 
until 300 B. c, when barbers were introduced from Sicily. 

33. Paganum, a civilian. Properly, a rustic, a countiyman. 

34. Fortunam, the interests. — Pudorem, honor; good name. 

36. Sacramento rum, of military life. Literally, of the soldier's oath. 

38 sq. Medio, intervening ; which separates our estates. — At the 

Terminalia, every February, the owners of adjacent property made 

offerings of cakes of meal and honey, etc., to the god Terminus. 

Sometimes a lamb, or a sucking pig, was slaughtered. — Patulo, 

18— Juv. 



274 NOTES. 

broad. — Any one whose landmark was removed had an actio termini 
moti against the person who did it. 

40. Per git, etc., persists in not restoring money deposited with 
him. In this case the aggrieved party had an actio depositi. 

41. Repeated from xiii. 137. 

42 sq. I shall have to wait for the year in which the suits of o, 
whole people begin (literally, which begins the suits, etc.). "These 
suits would be brought before the centumviral court. Suits could be 
begun only in the half year from the 1st of March to the 1st of Sep- 
tember (Mommsen, Histor.-Philolog. Gesellsch. Breslau, 1857, i. 2, 1). 
If the suit was not brought to an end within a magistrate's year, 
praescriptio, or limitation ensued. To avoid this, it was necessary to 
await the beginning of a new magistrate's term of office, in order to 
obtain at least the longest possible time for the action. (Keller, 
Litis Contestation, 135 sq.) " 

43. Tunc quoque = si litibus inchoatis petitori praetor formulam 
dedit, i. e. causam recepit. 

45. Sternuntur. I. e. with cushions. 

45 sq. The court is broken up on some pretext or other, just as 
Caedicius is taking off his cloak to plead, or Fuscus is preparing 
himself for a long speech. 

47. Lenta . . harena, and we contend only with the retarding sand 
of the forum. Instead of a contest jure et disceptatione fori, we 
have only the trouble of going away. (Weidner.) Others translate, 
" and the forum is but a slow arena for our combat." 

49. Agendi, of going to law. 

51 sqq. " According to Roman law, all the property amassed by a 
son during his .father's lifetime belonged to the latter (was in his 
potestas), and could be disposed of by him only. The early emperors, 
with a view to making military service popular, allowed an excep- 
tion to this law in the case of the earnings of soldiers. The castrense 
peculium was the private property of the soldier and at his disposal." 

53. In corpore census, incorporated in the private fortune; a part 
of the property which was under the father's control. 

54. Omne regimen, unlimited control. — The name Coranus may 
be borrowed from Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 55 sqq. 

56 sq. Hunc labori, such an one deserved favor advances, and 

returns its due rewards to his honorable service. — Favor is a conjec- 
ture of Ruperti's, now generally adopted. The MSS. give labor. 

60. The satire breaks off abruptly, and was evidently left un- 
finished. 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 

This satire is addressed by Aulus Persius Flaccus, — the young 
Etruscan nobleman, whose pure morals, attractive character, and un- 
timely death excite an even greater interest than the few works he 
left behind him, — to his friend and teacher, the philosopher, gram- 
marian, and rhetorician Lucius Annaeus Cornutus. Persius went to 
this distinguished master at the age of sixteen (A. D. 50 or 51) to be 
instructed in the Stoic philosophy, and afterwards, it appears, re- 
ceived him into his house, leaving him at his death (A. D. 62) his 
library and a large sum of money, of which the former only was 
accepted by Cornutus. 

" In style no less than in matter " the fifth is generally regarded as 
"facile princeps amongst the Satires of Persius." I give the Argu- 
ment in the words of Pretor. 

ARGUMENT. 

1-4. l O that I had a hundred tongues ! ' says Persius. 

5-18. ' Why so ? '■ (asks Cornutus) : l they are not needed by the 
Satirist/ 

19-51. ' True enough : but I require them to enable me to sing your 
praises worthily, that I may leave a fitting record of my gratitude to 
you (21-29), of your kindness to me (30-40), and of our mutual 
friendship (41-51). 

52-61. Men's lives are varied, but most men feel when life is end- 
ing that they lack something. 

62-72. You supply that want by bidding them seek philosophy 
betimes ; 

73-90. which alone can give a liberty far surpassing that of the 
slave set free by the magistrate, or of the self-styled ' independent ' 
man; 

91-104. for no magistrate can impart to you a knowledge of the 

275 



276 NOTES. 

real duties of life, and no man may do just what he pleases, but only 
that for which nature has fitted him. 

105-114. If philosophy has taught you to distinguish between 
virtue and vice, and to free your soul from the dominion of the 
passions, you are really and truly free ; 

115-123. but, if you are not entirely in the right, you must be al- 
together in die wrong. 

124-131. You are thinking only of bodily slavery, and forget that 
you may be the slave of your passions : 

132-141. as of Avarice ; 

142-153. of Luxury; 

154-160. (from one or other of which you are seldom altogether free;) 

161-174. of Love ; 

175-179. of Ambition ; 

180-188. of Superstition. 

189-191. Tell all this to a captain in the army, and he '11 laugh at 
us for our pains.* 



1, 2. Vatibus hie mos est, this is a way bards have. Examples 
are familiar and abundant; cf. Horn. II. ii. 488 sqq. ; Verg. Aen. vi. 
625; Georg. ii. 43; Ov. Met. viii. 532. Valerius Flaccus (vi. 36) 
thinks a thousand mouths too few. — In carmina, for the purposes of 
song (Conington). 

3. Ponatur, is set on the stage. Others, is taken in hand. 

4. Parthi may be either subjective or objective genitive; the 
wounds may be those he inflicts, drawing his scimitar from (near) his 
groin, or those from which he suffers, as he drags the dart that shot 
him from his groin. The last interpretation is much to be preferred. 

5 sq. Quantas . . . niti, what lumps of solid poetry are you cram- 
ming, so big that you require to strain a hundred throats? 

7. Nebulas Helicone legunto, gather fogs on Helicon (Macleane). 

8,9. If there be any tvho are going to set Progne's or Thyestes's pot 
a boiling, to be the standing supper of poor stupid Glycon (Coning- 
ton). — Glycon was a tragic actor of those days, who could not under- 
stand a joke. " He was probably too tragic, and seemed as if he had 
really ' supped full of horrors/ in spite of the frequent repetition of 
the process." 

10-13. But you are not squeezing wind with a pair of panting 
belloivs, while the ore is smelting in the furnace, nor with pent-up 
murmur croaking hoarsely to yourself some solemn nonsense, nor 
straining and puffing your cheeks till they give way with a " plop." 
— Stloppo. A word occurring nowhere else, perhaps coined by Per- 
sius. The scholiast says, "stloppo dixit /ura^i™?, a ludentibus 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 277 

pueris, qui buccas inflatas subito aperiunt, et totum simul flatum cum 
sonitu fundunt." Stloppo here represents the explosion of the poetic 
bombast which in the two preceding lines has been represented as 
gathering. Some MSS. read scloppo, and so Jahn (1868). 

14. Verba togae, the language of every-day life at Rome, espe- 
cially the simple and easy, but refined, language of good society. — 
Junctura callidus acri, "with dexterous nicety in your combinations.' ' 
Cf. Hor. A. P. 47 sq. : dixeris egregie, notum si callida verbum red- 
diderit junctura novum; A. P. 242 sq. : tantum series juncturaque 
pollet, tantum de medio sumptis (cf. " verba togae") accedit honoris. 

15. Ore teres modico, with diction well-turned and smooth. — Pal- 
lentis radere mores, to rasp unwholesome morals. Pallentis, pale 
from vice and its consequent diseases. 

16. Et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo, and carry off vice on your 
lance, in sport that 's Jit for gentlemen. 

17. Mycenis. Dative. " Leave Mycenae its feasts." 

18. Capite et pedibus. These were reserved to convince Thyestes 
of the real character of the food he had bee a eating. 

Plebeia prandia. The full opposition is between banquets of an 
unnatural sort in the heroic ages at Mycenae, known in these days 
only as stage-horrors, with no lesson for life, " raw head and bloody 
bones," as Dryden renders it, and every-day meals {prandia, not 
cenae) of the simplest kind, in common society at Rome, which show 
ordinary men as they are. (Conington.) Mensa is contrasted with 
prandia (cf. Sen. Ep. 83, 6 : sine mensa prandium) as banquet with 
meal, Tafel with Tisch. (Gildersleeve.) 

Noris. The subjunctive used imperatively. Novi has no impera- 
tive of its own. And Persius does not hesitate to connect imperatives 
and imperative subjunctives ; cf. Sat. iii. 73 : disce nee invideas. 

19. Bullatis nugis, " air-blown trifles" (t frothy nothings." 

22. Excutienda, to be sifted thoroughly. (Conington and Pretor.) 
The metaphor is from shaking out the folds of a robe, to see if any- 
thing was concealed in them. 

24. Ostendisse. Once for all. (Gildersleeve.) 

Pulsa, strike it, knock against it ; (to judge of its solidity by the ring.) 

25. Pictae tectoria linguae, the stucco of a painted tongue, for 
u painted tongue- stucco." (Conington, "the mere plaster of a varn- 
ished tongue.") 

26. Hie = in hac re. Others read his, which would mean ad haec. 
Deposcere. Notice the determination that lies in deposcere. (Gil- 
dersleeve. ) 

Y 



1278 NOTES. 

27. Sinuoso in pectore, " in the very recesses of my breast." 

28. Voce pura {honest). Opposed to pictae linguae. 

29. Fibra, "heart-strings ." 

30. " When first the purple resigned its dreaded guardianship over 
me" — Pavido. I. e. trembling under those who watched over me. — 
Purpura. I. e. the toga praetexta, with its purple border, which was 
worn by boys, but laid aside when they took the toga virilis. On the 
praetexta as a symbol of sanctity, cf. Quint. Decl. 340 : sacrum prae- 
textarum, quo sacerdotes velantur, quo magistratus, quo infirmitatem 
pueritiae sacram facimus ac venerabilem. 

31. On the day when the toga virilis was assumed, the boy dedi- 
cated to the gods his bulla, his playthings, and his long locks. 

Persius calls the Lares succincti, girt up, in allusion to the ductus 
Gabinus, in which they were always represented ; the free movement 
of the body which this style of dress allowed befitted them as deities 
ever ready to act and help. 

32 sq. Cum blandi comites, when companions were enticing. — To- 
taque . . . Subura, and my neAV toga virilis allowed me to go freely 
in every part of the town. — The Subura was the most thronged and 
the busiest part of Rome. Cf. Juv. iii. 5; xi. 51. — Jam candidus. 
No longer with the purple border, but now all white, — toga pura, the 
toga virilis. — Umbo, the gathering of the folds of the toga over the 
breast; here put for the whole toga. 

34. Iter, the way of life.— Vitae nescius error, ramblings, through 
ignorance of life. 

35. Deducit. Certainly the right reading, although Jahn (1868) 
adopts diducit. Gildersleeve cites Schluter's neat distinction : homi- 
nes in compita ubi viae diducuntur, deduci dicuniur. — Trepidas, be- 
wildered. — Kamosa in compita, to the fork where the roads branch 
off. Persius alludes to the old image of the two diverging paths, 
which represent the alternative offered to youth of virtue or vice, at 
the end of the unconscious life of infancy and childhood. 

36. Me tibi supposui, " I threw myself as a son into your arms." 
(Gildersleeve.) " I put myself under your teaching." (Macleane.) 

37 sq. Pallere . . . sollers, your ruler, skilful to surprise, straight- 
ens my moral twists to which it is applied. — Intortos mores, "my 
warped nature." 

39. Premitur, is moulded. Or, is broken in; cf. Verg. Aen. vi. 
80. — Vincique laborat, and struggles to be subdued. 

40. Artificem, artistic, finished. — Ducit, takes on; "like saxa . . 
ducere formam (Ov. Met. i. 402)." 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 279 

42. Primas noctes, the early hours/)/ the night. — Epulis. Either 
11 for feasts," or " from the banquet, (for study)." 

43. Requiem, sc. unam. 

45. Non with the imperative subjunctive, instead of the regular ne, 
is found also in Pers. aS^. i. 5. It is frequent in Juvenal. 

46. Cf. Hor. Carm. ii. 17, 21 sq. : utrumque nostrum incredibili 
modo consentit astrum. — Duci, are guided. So Conington translates, 
although he says in his commentary, " duci, apparently = cepisse 
originem." 

48. Nata fidelibus hor a, the birth-hour ordained for faithful 
friends. 

49. In, between. " Dividit in Geminos, like divider e nummos in 
viros." 

50. Gravem. The influence of Saturn was regarded in astrology as 
malignant. — Nostro Jove, our own Jupiter, Jupiter who to us is 
propitious. 

51. Nescio quod astrum, some star there is. Nescio quod is a 
livelier substitute for aliquod. Conington most unaccountably pre- 
fers the reading nescio quid. We want the adjective pronoun here, 
not the substantive. — Me tibi temperat, blends me with thee. 

52. Rerum usus, the practice of life. — Discolor, of various hue; 
" wears the most different colors." 

53. Velle suum, his own desire. Persius is very fond of the use 
of the infinitive as a regular substantive. Conington cites i. 9 : nos- 
trum istad vivere triste ; i. 27 : scire tuum ; i. 122 : ridere meum; iii. 
17 : pappare minutum ; iii. 18: mammae lallare; vi. 38: sapere 
nostrum. 

54. Recenti, i. e. eastern. Conington compares Yerg. Georg. i. 
288 : sole novo terras inrorat Eous. 

55. Rugosum piper. "The shrivelling, being the effect of the 
sun, distinguishes it from the Italian pepper." — Pallentis cumini. 
Effect for cause ; pale because producing paleness. Cf. Hor. Epp. i. 
19, 18 : exsangue cuminum. Cumin was a favorite condiment. 

56. Inriguo turgescere somno, " to bloat himself with balmy 
sleep." Some take inriguus as implying that the man has well 
drunken ; one commentator is vulgar enough to make it " sweaty." 

57. Campo. The sports and athletic exercises of the Campus Mar- 
tius. — Decoquit, runs through with. 

59. Veteris ramalia fagi, " like the boughs of an old beech-tree." 
" Mr. Paley has suggested to me," says Pretor, " that ^ydg emdfagus 
are probably identical, and represent the edible acorn tree (quercus 



280 NOTES. 

aescula) rather than the beech as the latter word is ordinarily trans- 
lated." 

60. Crassos, gross. — Palustrem. I. e. dimmed by marsh vapors 

61. Sibi, with ingemuere. (Con.) — Relictam = ante actam. 

63 sq. Cultor introduces the metaphor which is carried on in pur- 
gatas, inserts, and fruge. Purgatas, cleared of weeds. Insere aures 
fruge, a variety for inserere auribus fruges. Fruge, here of grain 
for seed. (Conington.) 

64. Fruge Cleanthea, the grain of Cleanthes, i. e. the pure doc- 
trines of the Stoics. 

65. Finem certum, a definite aim. 

66. Idem eras fiet. I. e. " to-morrow will tell the same tale as to- 
day." 

66 sq. Quid ? quasi magnum nempe diem donas ? What? do you 
mean to say that it is as if it ivere a great present that you give me a 
day f 

69. Egerit hos annos, is baling out these years of ours. 

71. Cantum, the tire; here put for the wheel itself. 

72. Cum, seeing that. 

73 sqq. With this verse the real argument of the satire begins, 
after the address to Cornutus. The theme is libertate opus est. — 
Velina, sc. tribu. — " The name of a man's tribe is put in the abla- 
tive as a whence case." — Non hac, ut . . . . possidet, not after the 
prevalent fashion, by tvhich each man that has worked his way up to 
a Publius in the Veline tribe is owner of a ticket for a ration of 
musty spelt. (Gildersleeve.) — Publius. When a slave was given his 
liberty he took his master's praenomen and gentile name. — Tesse- 
rula. A contemptuous diminutive. Cf. Juv. vii, 174, note. 

75. Veri. Genitive. 

76. Vertigo, twirl. " The reference is to the manumissio per vin- 
dictam, which made a slave a full citizen, the lictor touching him 
with the vindicta, the master turning him round and ' dismissing him 
from his hand ' with the words hunc hominem liberum esse volo." — 
Non tressis, not worth three coppers. 

77. In, in the matter of. — Farragine, a feed of corn. 

78. Momento turbinis exit, literally by the motion of the twirl he 
comes out with a praenomen. Almost = " by the mere act of twirl-* 
ing." 

79. Papae, prodigious ! " Wondrous change ! " 

79-81. Marco .... tabellas. "After this, can anybody think of 
his antecedents — hesitate about lending money on his security — 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 281 

feel qualms when he is on the bench ? Impossible ! he is a Roman — 
his word is good for anything — so is his signature." (Conington.) 

81. Adsigna tabellas, put your seal to this document, as a witness. 

82. Pillea (pilea), liberty caps, which were put on the heads of 
slaves when they were manumitted. 

83-85. An . . . Bruto. So speaks the stable-boy, just become a 
citizen. 

84. With the second licet supply mihi. 

85. Bruto. Than the very founder of Roman liberty. — Mendose 
colligis, your syllogism is faulty. 

86. Stoicus hie, our stoic friend, is Persius's way of describing 
himself, like the common expression hie homo, avf/p oh. (Conington.) 
— Aurem mordaci lotus aceto, his ear well rinsed with good sharp 
vinegar. Vinegar was used in cases of deafness. 

87. Licet .... telle. I deny your minor. " I deny both that you 
have a will, and that you are free to follow it." — Pretor makes the 
stoic's admission (reliqua accipio) less comprehensive than the major, 
and confined to the word vivere : " The mere fact that you are a liv- 
ing creature I admit ; the inference contained in licet and ut volo I 
altogether deny." 

88. Vindicta. Instrumental ablative. Cf. verse 76, note. — Meus, 
my own man. 

90. Masuri rubrica, the canon of Masurius. The allusion is to 
Masurius Sabinus, an eminent lawyer in the reigns of Tiberius and 
Nero, who wrote a work in three books entitled Jus Civile. — Ru- 
brica. Because the titles and first few words of the laws were com- 
monly picked out with vermilion. Cf. Juv. xiv. 192, note. — Veta- 
vit for vetuit is found nowhere else, except in a note of Servius on 
Verg. Aen. ii. 201. Gildersleeve compares Kirke White's " rudely 
blow'd." 

92. " While I pull your old grandmother out of the heart of you." 
Veteres avias, " old grandmothers' notions ;" " as we say, prejudices 
which you imbibed with your mother's milk." 

93. Non erat, it was not, as you thought. Gildersleeve. 

93 sq. Tenuia (trisyllable, as in Verg. Georg. i. 397, ii. 121, iv. 38) 
rerum officia, the delicate distinctions of practical duty. — TJsum 
rapidae vitae, " the right management of the rapid course of life." 

95. Sambucam, dulcimer; " a translation not strictly correct, al- 
though ' dulcimer ' suggests the exotic refinement of the sambuca, a 
four-stringed instrument of Eastern origin, synonymous with culti- 
vated luxury." — Citius aptaveris, "darrov & apfxdaaas ' written out, 

Y2 



282 NOTES. 

citius aptaveris quam praetor det, but it is better not written out. 
Notice the Perfect Subjunctive. ' You would sooner succeed in 
making a dulcimer fit, sooner get a dulcimer to Jit [the hand of] a 
hulking camp-porter/ " (Gildersleeve.) 

96. Stat contra, confronts you. Cf. Juv. iii. 290. 

97. " That no one be allowed to do what he will spoil in the doing" 
98 sq. Publica lex, " the general code," " the universal law." — 

Continet hoc fas, ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus, withholds 
from weak ignorance the right of reaching heights of action for- 
bidden it (i. e. above its capacity). Teneo, to attain, reach, as in 
teneo collem, teneo portum. Here, = to compass. So J. E. Yonge 
(Journal of Philology, 1873), according to whom the argument of 
verses 96-99 is as follows : Reason takes away that " licet." i You 
may not do/ she says, ' what you will only spoil. ' ' You cannot do,' 
adds Nature herself, ' what is above your powers.* The ordinary 
interpretation is very different : thus Conington translates, " It is a 
statute contained in the general code of humanity and nature, that 
ignorance and imbecility operate as an embargo on a forbidden ac- 
tion." Jahn takes teneat in the sense of pursue, instead of either 
refrain from or attain. 

100. Certo conpescere puncto examen, to bring the index of the 
steel-yard to rest at a certain point ; i. e. to weigh accurately. The 
examen is the tongue or index of the stater a (steel-yard). 

102. Navem poscat sibi, should ask for the command of a ship. 

103. Melicerta, a name for Palaemon, son of Leucothoe, identified 
with Portunus, a protecting god of harbors. 

104. Frontem, modesty. — De rebus, from the world.— Recto talo 
= uprightly. 

105. Veri specieni dinoscere, to distinguish the semblance of truth 
(from its reality). 

106. Ne qua (species) . . . auro, " that no seeming truth give a 
faulty ring, due to the copper underneath the gold." 

107. Vicissim, on the other hand. 

109. Presso lare, " your establishment within your income? " 

111. Cf. Hor. Epp. i. 16, 63 sq. 

112. Without greedily gulping down the water of treasure- trove in 
your mouth? (Conington.) So Gifford : " Without finding like a 
greedy glutton that your mouth waters at the sight of such a prize." 

113. Haec mea sunt, teneo, these qualities are mine, I possess them. 

114. Praetoribus ac Jove dextro, by the favor of the praetors and 
Jove as well. 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 283 

115. Nostre farinae, of our grain ; " one of our batch ; " i. e. of 
the Stoic school. 

117. Relego, I take back. The word is used in Valerius Flaccus 
vi. 237 of drawing back a spear. — Vapido in pectore, in the musty 
cellar of your bosom. 

118. Funem reduco, I draw in the rope. — The sum of the four 
verses 115-118 is thus given by Gildersleeve : If, despite your fair 
seeming, your smooth regal brow, you retain your old nature, and the 
old Reynard —the old rascal that swindled his master for a feed of 
corn — is still in your heart, I take back all that I have granted ; 
you 're a slave still. 

119 sq. Nil .... est ? Reason has given you no power over any- 
thing ; put out your finger } and you make a wrong move ; and yet (et 
= et tamen) what action so trivial ? 

120. Litabis, " taken in connection with the next line, has virtu- 
ally the force of impetrabis." 

122. Haec. I. e. stultum et rectum. 

123. " You cannot dance in time even three steps of Bathyllus's 
satyr. " — Ad numeros moveri is to take steps in time. — Moveare = 
moveri potes. — Satyrum is a kind of cognate accusative. — Bathyl- 
lus was a comic dancer in the time of Augustus. " The mention of 
him here is an instance of Persius's habit of looking rather to books 
than to life." 

124. Unde datum hoc sentis, " who gave you leave to think so? " 
— Subdite, vocative. The thought is, cum subditus sis. 

126. The strigiles (cf. Juv. iii. 263) would be carried to the bath, 
that the master might use them after bathing. Of course he would 
want his own. — Crispinus seems to be the name of the bath-keeper. 

127. Servitium acre, the goad of bondage. 

129. Quod nervos agitet, to jerk your wires, 

130. Qui, how. 

131. At que = quam. 

132. Heia, come ! 

133. Negas, No, say you. 

134. Ponto, from Pontus. 

135. Lubrica Coa. Probably, gleaming Coan garments, the gossa- 
mer-like silks of Cos. Others, "the oily (or laxative) Coan wines." 

136. Recens, "just in." — Primus, be the first to ; " forestall the 
market." — Sitiente, " thirsty from its journey over the desert, before 
the driver has had time to attend to its wants." 

137. Verte, turn something over ; your money or your stock. The 



284 NOTES. 

scholiast interprets it, negotiate, et speciem pro specie commuta. — 
Eheu, whew ! 

138 sq. Baro (varo) you lout (Conington), "Querkopf," "Tolpel." 
— Regustatum . . . perages, " you will go on to the end of the chap- 
ter satisfied with drilling a hole with your thumb in the salt-cellar 
that you 've had so many a taste out of." Rubbing the salt-cellar 
into holes to get the last grain of salt expresses, as says Macleane, the 
extremity of poverty. — Cum, " on good terms with " 

140. Pueris aptas, you are thrusting on the slaves ; you are load- 
ing the slaves with. — Pellem, a skin, used perhaps as a packing- 
cloth. Others, " a peasant's coat of untanned hide, |(?am?." 

142. Rapias, scour. — Sollers, artful. 

143. Seductum moneat, takes you aside for a warning. 

144. Mascula = robusta. — Bilis here implies madness. 
146. Tun = tu-ne. — Fulto agrees with tibi. 

147 sq. Veientanumque .... obba, and shall a squab jug exhale 
the fumes of reddish Veientan spoilt by the fusty pitch? — Casks and 
jars were pitched in order to preserve the wine. 

149 sq. Ut nummi .... deunces, that your money you had been 
nursing here at a modest five per cent., may go on to sweat out a 
greedy eleven per cent, f 

151 sq. Nostrum . . . vivis, your life is ours, belongs to you and 
me : all we have now is that you live. Two other explanations are, 
only that part of life which you bestow on me is life ; and, It is all 
in our favor that you are alive. 

153. Hoc quod loquor inde est, this very speech of mine is so much 
taken off from it. 

154. Cf. Verg. Aen. ii. 39 : scinditur incertum studia in contraria 
vulgus. — Duplici hamo, a couple of hooks. 

155 and 156. Alternus, by turns. — Oberres, go at large. 

159. Nodum, " the knot, by which the chain is fastened to the bar 
of the door (sera). Cf. Prop. iv. 11, 26." 

161-174. A dialogue between a confidential slave, Davus, and his 
young master, Chaerestratus, imitated from the Eunuchus of Me- 
nander. 

163. An .... cognatis, what ! shall I be a standing disgrace in 
the way of my sober relations ? 

165. Udas, dripping. Variously explained, as "with unguents," 
"with wine," "with tears," " with rain" (cf. Hor. Carm.. iii. 10, 19 
sq. : non hoc semper erit liminis aut aquae caelestis patiens latus). 

169. Puer, my boy. 



THE FIFTH SATIRE OF PERSIUS. 285 

170. Trepidare, to be restive. 

174. Hie, adverb. " If a man can make such a resolution and 
keep it, he is the free man, — not the lictor's whirligig." 

175. Festuca, straw, stubble. "Plutarch, de S. JV. Vind., p. 550, 
says that one of the lictors threw stubble on the manumitted slave. 
The word appears to be technical, not used in a contemptuous sense. 
Exfestucare occurs in the laws of the Alemanni and Saxons, and 
elsewhere in mediaeval Latinity. Palgrave (Hist, of Normandy and 
England, vol. ii., q. v.) says, ' No symbol was of such universal appli- 
cation among ancient nations as the stipula, the festuca, the culm, 
the haiom.' " (Conington.) 

176. Palpo, "maker of smooth speeches." 

177 sq. Cretata ambitio, " the white-washed goddess of canvass- 
ing." (Conington.) The toga of candidates for office (candidati) 
was rubbed with chalk to make it whiter. — Vigila, " be up early ; " 
" look alive." — Cicer . . . populo, " ply the scrambling rabble well with 
peas." (Pretor.) Cicer, vetch es, a cheap article of food. — Nostra. 
I. e. celebrated in our aedileship. — Floralia. At the festival of 
Flora (28th April to 3d May) plays and brilliant games were exhib- 
ited, whose handsome preparation was one of the most important 
duties of a curule aedile. Among other customs of the festival, beans 
and vetches, the customary food of the lower classes, were thrown 
among the people, who scrambled for them to fill their bosoms. Cf. 
Hor. Sat, ii. 3, 182 ; Mart. viii. 78, 8. 

179. Aprici = apricantes. — Quid pulchrius ? Best taken as the 
comment of the old men upon the remembered splendors of the 
entertainment : Was ever anything finer ? Jahn thinks it an iron- 
ical comment of Persius. 

180. Herodis dies. According to the scholiast, the birthday of 
Herod the Great, which would naturally be celebrated by the Hero- 
dians. " Horace, in his various mentions of Judaism,evidently implies 
that it was spreading, talked of, if not favored by the higher orders." 

180 sqq. TJnctaque .... violas, and the lamps, arranged in the 
greasy ivindows, supporting violet-wreaths, send up their unctuous 
clouds. — The violae may have been either our violets or pansies. 

182. Rubrum, " the common color of pottery." — Amplexa, coiled 
round. 

183. Tumet, bulges. 

184. Sabbata. "Persius seems to mix up feasts and fasts rather 
strangely, apparently with the notion that all the Jewish observances 
were gloomy."— Palles. Cf. Hor. Carm. iii. 27, 28. 



286 NOTES. 

185. Turn, next. — Lemares, hobgoblins. — Ovo pericula rupto. 

The scholiast says priests used to put eggs on the fire and observe 
whether the moisture came out from the side or the top, the bursting 
of the egg being considered a very dangerous sign. This observation 
was called foooKOTwcfi. (Conington and Jahn.) 

186. Two kinds of superstition are indicated : the old one of Cybele, 
and the later one of Isis. — Lusca. " Blindness was a special visita- 
tion of Isis. The priestess is supposed to be called lusca y as having 
herself felt the wrath of the goddess." 187. Incussere deos inflan- 
tis corpora, strike into you the gods that have a way of swelling out 
men's bodies, i. e. that send various diseases. — Incussere. Gnomic 
aorist. 

188. Praedictum, prescribed. 

189 sq. Dixeris . . ridet = si dixeris, ridet. — Varricosos, i. e. qui 
varices habent, qualibus laborare solent qui diu multumque stant vel 
pedibus eunt. (Jahn.) " With the large calves" Conington. Others, 
straddling. 

190. Crassum ridet, "breaks into a horse-laugh." — Fulfennius. The 
name is written various ways in the MSS., as Vulfenius, Pulfennius 
(" Jahn's last "). Fulfennius was preferred by Jahn in his first edi- 
tion, as found bothin two MSS. summae auctoritatis and in an ancient 
inscription (Murat. p. 816, 7). But the question is one on the shadow 
of an ass. — Ingens, " huge; " " great, overgrown." " Persius hates 
the military cordially as the most perfect specimens of developed 
animalism, and consequently most antipathetic to a philosopher." 
(Conington, on Pers. Sat. iii. 77-87.) 

191. And bids " a clipped dollar " for a hundred Greek philos- 
ophers. 




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